In this paper we consider civilizational, social and economic role and place of fundamental and applied aspects of the soil science on the basis of analysis of classic scientific heritage. The predeterminacy of such a dualism is stipulated. It is shown that the part of comprehensive scientific works of V. V. Dokuchaev in the area of applied science and principals of landscape and ecological rational management of natural resources was not so appreciated as internationally acclaimed theory of soil and its determination in status of natural and historical body. The role of scientists of Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute in the forming of the appearance of soil science in the World in the past century is fundamental. There is also shown the value of session of Academy of Agricultural Sciences “The Scientific Heritage of V. V. Dokuchaev and Modern Agriculture” (June, 1992) for the purposes of the development of works in the area of investigation and creation of ecologically balanced highly productive and sustainable agrolandscapes, and also for the projection and ecquisition of adaptive-landscape agriculture systems and actual agrotechnologies. Scientific schools and their leaders caused a significant impact on the development of soil science and agriculture in Russia and in the World. The fundamental basis of genetic soils science of V. V. Dokuchaev determined the creation of fundamentals of landscape agriculture; biospheric paradigm of Dokuchaev-Vernadskiy determined actual trends of World agricultural production; genesis and classification of soils by N. M. Sibirtsev determined the development of valuation of soils; theory of humus forming, chernozem forming and podzol forming by P. A. Kostychev determined the development of scientific agronomy; theory of SCC by K. K. Gedroyts determined the development of chemical melioration of lands; theory of soil forming by V. R. Williams determined the development of grassland farming and fodder production; the soil forming theory of N. M. Tulaikov determined the development of dry agriculture; the hydrology theory of G. N. Vysotskiy and A. A. Rode determined the development of forestry and forest melioration; biogeochemistry of V. I. Vernadskiy and B. B. Polynov determined the development of theory of rational management of natural resources; geochemistry and soil ecology by V. A. Kovds determined the developmeny of hydrotechnical melioration; theory of soil-climatic facies by I. P. Gerasimov, the fundamentals of soil investigations by L. I. Prasolov, theory of soil cover structures by V. M. Fridland determined soil-geographic and soil-ecologic zoning; the investigation of phosphate transformation in soils by A. V. Sokolov led to creation of powerful industry of phosphate fertilizers production and the development of technologies of their implementation. The critical analysis of actual state of soils science is given. There is also stipulated the extreme necessity of participation of business community in the financing of the science and forming of innovative framework. Along with that, there is shown the necessity of restoration of State Land Service in Russia.