esoilБюллетень Почвенного института имени В.В. ДокучаеваDokuchaev Soil Bulletin0136-16942312-4202V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute10.19047/0136-1694-2023-116-43-75esoil-744Research ArticleСтатьиВлияния внесения биоугля на теплофизические свойства дерново-подзолистой почвы и составляющие энергетического баланса яровой пшеницы в Ленинградской области при различных условиях почвенного увлажненияInfluence of the biochar application on the thermal properties of soddy-podzolic soil and on the energy balance fluxes of spring wheat in the Leningrad region under various soil moisture conditionshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9368-6229ДоброхотовА. В.DobrokhotovA. V.

научный сотрудник

dobralexey@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-8211КозыреваЛ. В.KozyrevaL. V.

ведущий инженер

4ludak@gmail.comАгрофизический научно-исследовательский институт, Почвенный институт имени В.В. ДокучаеваРоссияAgrophysical Research Institute Federal Research Centre “V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute”Russian FederationАгрофизический научно-исследовательский институтРоссияAgrophysical Research InstituteRussian Federation20232509202301164375Copyright © Доброхотов А.В., Козырева Л.В., 20232023Доброхотов А.В., Козырева Л.В.Dobrokhotov A.V., Kozyreva L.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://bulletin.esoil.ru/jour/article/view/744

В статье приведены результаты полевого эксперимента по оценке влияния предпосевного внесения биоугля на теплофизические свойства пахотного горизонта дерново-подзолистой супесчаной почвы, составляющие энергетического баланса, температуру подстилающей поверхности и температуру листьев яровой пшеницы сорта “Дарья” при различных условиях почвенного увлажнения в 2022 г. Эксперимент проводился на территории Меньковской опытной станции Агрофизического научно-исследовательского института, расположенной в Гатчинском районе Ленинградской области. Эксперимент включал опытный участок с внесением биоугля в дозе 21.9 т га-1 и контрольный участок. Условия почвенного увлажнения и влагообеспеченность пшеницы характеризовались объемной влажностью почвы и суммарным испарением. По результатам полевых экспериментов было обнаружено значимое влияние (p < 0.05) внесения биоугля на теплофизические свойства почвы, однако в условиях различного увлажнения влияние было разнонаправленное. При влажности почвы в абсолютно сухом состоянии внесение биоугля уменьшило на 29.7% теплопроводность, уменьшило на 18.5% объемную теплоемкость, уменьшило на 13.7% температуропроводность, уменьшило на 24.3% тепловую инерцию. При значениях влажности почвы, соответствующей наименьшей влагоемкости, внесение биоугля увеличило на 9.4% теплопроводность, уменьшило на 2.6% объемную теплоемкость, увеличило на 12.3% температуропроводность, увеличило на 3.2% тепловую инерцию. Внесение биоугля значимо (p < 0.05) за счет увеличения температуры подстилающей поверхности (на 6.4%) увеличило турбулентный поток тепла на 35.5%. Вследствие снижения испарения с поверхности почвы внесение биоугля уменьшило на 17.0% скрытый поток тепла и на 13.9% суммарное испарение. Температура листьев характеризует транспирацию растительности, которая может повышаться при внесении биоугля на легких почвах из-за увеличения влагоемкости. В нашем эксперименте внесение биоугля не оказало значимых изменений на температуру листьев растений. Результаты эксперимента подтверждаются многочисленными выводами как зарубежных, так и отечественных исследователей.

The article presents the results of a field experiment to assess the effect of pre-sowing application of the biochar on the thermal properties of the arable horizon of soddy-podzolic sandy loam soil, on the energy balance components, on the crop surface temperature and on the leaves temperature of spring wheat (variety “Daria”) under various conditions of soil moisture in 2022. The experiment took place at the Menkovo Experimental Station of the Agrophysical Research Institute, located in the Gatchinsky District of the Leningrad Region. The experiment included the plot with the biochar application at the dose of 21.9 t ha-1 and the control plot. The soil thermal properties were measured by the heat pulse method. The components of the energy balance were determined using agrometeorological measurements, radiation balance measurements, crop surface temperature, and phenological measurements. The crop surface temperature was measured by a non-contact method using pyrometers. The soil moisture conditions and available water for wheat were characterized by volumetric soil moisture and evapotranspiration. The volumetric soil moisture was measured using a capacitive soil moisture sensor. The evapotranspiration was determined using the residual term of the energy balance equation through the latent heat flux. According to the results of field experiments, a significant effect (p < 0.05) of the biochar application on the soil thermal properties was found, however, under different moisture conditions, the effect was multidirectional. At zero soil moisture, the biochar application reduced thermal conductivity by 29.7%, reduced volumetric heat capacity by 18.5%, reduced diffusivity by 13.7%, and reduced thermal inertia by 24.3%. Under the conditions of field capacity, the biochar application increased thermal conductivity by 9.4%, reduced volumetric heat capacity by 2.6%, increased diffusivity by 12.3%, and increased thermal inertia by 3.2%. The biochar application significantly (p < 0.05) increased the turbulent heat flux – by 35.5%, which is due to an increase in the crop surface temperature (by 6.4%). Resulting from the decrease in soil evaporation, the biochar application reduced the latent heat flux by 17.0%, and the evapotranspiration by 13.9%. Leaf temperature is related to transpiration. Transpiration can increase when biochar is applied on light-textured soils due to an increase in soil water capacity. The biochar application did not result in significant changes of leaf temperature. The study results are confirmed by numerous articles of both foreign and Russian researchers.

биоугольдерново-подзолистая супесчаная почватеплофизические свойства почвысоставляющие энергетического балансатемпература подстилающей поверхноститемпература листьевсуммарное испарение.biocharsoddy-podzolic sandy loam soilsoil thermal propertiesenergy balance componentscrop surface temperatureleaf temperatureevapotranspirationАвторы выражают благодарность Чикишеву Дмитрию Владимировичу и Балашову Евгению Владимировичу за содействие в проведении исследований, Моисееву Кириллу Геннадьевичу за предоставление материалов исследований гранулометрического состава почвы на сельскохозяйственных полях Меньковской опытной станции Агрофизического научно-исследовательского института.The authors would like to thank Dmitry Vladimirovich Chikishev and Evgeny Vladimirovich Balashov for their assistance in conducting the research, Kirill Gennadyevich Moiseev for providing the materials on particle size distribution of soil on agricultural fields of Menkovo experimental station of Agrophysical Research Institute.ReferencesМоисеев К.Г., Зинчук Е.Г. Крупномасштабная почвенная карта Меньковского филиала Агрофизического института Россельхозакадемии // Агрофизика. 2014. Т. 3. № 15. C. 8–17.Moiseev K.G., Zinchuk E.G., Krupnomasshtabnaja pochvennaja karta Men'kovskogo filiala Agrofizicheskogo instituta Rossel'hozakademii (Large-scale soil map of menkovo research station of the agrophysical research insti-tute), Agrofizika, 2014, Vol. 3, No. 15, pp. 8–17.Abu-Hamdeh N.H., Reeder R.C. Soil thermal conductivity effects of density, moisture, salt concentration, and organic matter // Soil science society of America Journal. 2000. Vol. 64. No. 4. P. 1285–1290.Abu-Hamdeh N.H., Reeder R.C., Soil thermal conductivity effects of den-sity, moisture, salt concentration, and organic matter, Soil science society of America Journal, 2000, Vol. 64, No. 4, pp. 1285–1290.Archontoulis S.V., Huber I., Miguez F.E., Thorburn P.J., Rogovska N., Laird D.A. A model for mechanistic and system assessments of biochar effects on soils and crops and trade‐offs // Gcb Bioenergy. 2016. Vol. 8. No. 6. P. 1028–1045.Archontoulis S.V., Huber I., Miguez F.E., Thorburn P.J., Rogovska N., Laird D.A., A model for mechanistic and system assessments of biochar ef-fects on soils and crops and trade‐offs, Gcb Bioenergy, 2016, Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 1028–1045.Baiamonte G., De Pasquale C., Marsala V., Cimò G., Alonzo G., Crescimanno G., Conte P. Structure alteration of a sandy-clay soil by biochar amendments // Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2015. Vol. 15. No. 4. P. 816–824.Baiamonte G., De Pasquale C., Marsala V., Cimò G., Alonzo G., Crescimanno G., Conte P., Structure alteration of a sandy-clay soil by biochar amendments, Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2015, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 816–824.Basso A.S., Miguez F.E., Laird D.A., Horton R., Westgate M. Assessing potential of biochar for increasing water‐holding capacity of sandy soils // Gcb Bioenergy. 2013. Vol. 5. No. 2. P. 132–143.Basso. A.S., Miguez. F.E., Laird. D.A., Horton. R., Westgate M., Assessing potential of biochar for increasing water‐holding capacity of sandy soils, Gcb Bioenergy, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 132–143.Bennett L.T., Judd T.S., Adams M.A. Close-range vertical photography for measuring cover changes in perennial grasslands // Rangeland Ecology & Management/Journal of Range Management Archives. 2000. Vol. 53. No. 6. P. 634–641.Bennett L.T., Judd T.S., Adams M.A., Close-range vertical photography for measuring cover changes in perennial grasslands, Rangeland Ecology & Management/Journal of Range Management Archives, 2000, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 634–641.Brunetti C., Lamb J., Wielandt S., Uhlemann S., Shirley I., McClure P., Dafflon B. Probabilistic estimation of depth-resolved profiles of soil thermal diffusivity from temperature time series // Earth Surface Dynamics. 2022. Vol. 10. No. 4. P. 687–704.Brunetti C., Lamb J., Wielandt S., Uhlemann S., Shirley I., McClure P., Dafflon B., Probabilistic estimation of depth-resolved profiles of soil thermal diffusivity from temperature time series, Earth Surface Dynamics, 2022, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 687–704.Brutsaert W. On a derivable formula for long‐wave radiation from clear skies // Water resources research. 1975. Vol. 11. No. 5. P. 742–744.Brutsaert W., On a derivable formula for long‐wave radiation from clear skies, Water resources research, 1975, Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 742–744.Bruun E.W., Hauggaard-Nielsen H., Ibrahim N., Egsgaard H., Ambus P., Jensen P.A., Dam-Johansen K. Influence of fast pyrolysis temperature on biochar labile fraction and short-term carbon loss in a loamy soil // Biomass and Bioenergy. 2011. Vol. 35. No. 3. P. 1182–1189.Bruun E.W., Hauggaard-Nielsen H., Ibrahim N., Egsgaard H., Ambus P., Jensen P.A., Dam-Johansen K., Influence of fast pyrolysis temperature on biochar labile fraction and short-term carbon loss in a loamy soil, Biomass and Bioenergy, 2011, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 1182–1189.Cayuela M.L., Sánchez-Monedero M.A., Roig A., Hanley K., Enders A., Lehmann J. Biochar and denitrification in soils: when, how much and why does biochar reduce N2O emissions? // Scientific reports. 2013. Vol. 3. No. 1. P. 1–7.Cayuela M.L., Sánchez-Monedero M.A., Roig A., Hanley K., Enders A., Lehmann J., Biochar and denitrification in soils: when, how much and why does biochar reduce N2O emissions? Scientific reports, 2013, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1–7.Cheng C.H., Lehmann J., Engelhard M.H. Natural oxidation of black carbon in soils: changes in molecular form and surface charge along a climosequence // Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 2008. Vol. 72. No. 6. P. 1598–1610.Cheng C.H., Lehmann J., Engelhard M.H., Natural oxidation of black carbon in soils: changes in molecular form and surface charge along a climosequence, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2008, Vol. 72, No. 6, pp. 1598–1610.Choudhury B.J., Idso S.B., Reginato R.J. Analysis of an empirical model for soil heat flux under a growing wheat crop for estimating evaporation by an infrared-temperature based energy balance equation // Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 1987. Vol. 39. No. 4. P. 283–297.Choudhury B.J., Idso S.B., Reginato R.J., Analysis of an empirical model for soil heat flux under a growing wheat crop for estimating evaporation by an infrared-temperature based energy balance equation, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1987, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 283–297.De Vries D.A. Thermal Properties of Soils. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1963. 151 p.De Vries D.A., Thermal Properties of Soils, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1963, 151 p.Efimov A.E., Sitdikova Y.R., Dobrokhotov A.V., Kozyreva, L.V. Monitoring evapotranspiration in an agricultural field and determination of irrigation rates and dates by automated mobile field agrometeorological complex // Water resources. 2018. Vol. 45. No. 1. P. 133–137.Efimov A.E., Sitdikova Y.R., Dobrokhotov A.V., Kozyreva L.V., Monitoring evapotranspiration in an agricultural field and determination of irrigation rates and dates by automated mobile field agrometeorological complex, Water resources, 2018, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 133–137.Feng W., Yang F., Cen R., Liu J., Qu Z., Miao Q., Chen H. Effects of straw biochar application on soil temperature, available nitrogen and growth of corn // Journal of Environmental Management. 2021. Vol. 277. P.111331.Feng W., Yang F., Cen R., Liu J., Qu Z., Miao Q., Chen H., Effects of straw biochar application on soil temperature, available nitrogen and growth of corn, Journal of Environmental Management, 2021, Vol. 277, pp. 111331.Foken T. Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements. Berlin: Springer Nature, 2021. 1806 p.Foken T., Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements, Berlin: Springer Nature, 2021, 1806 p.Gates D.M. Transpiration and leaf temperature // Annual Review of Plant Physiology. 1968. Vol. 19. No. 1. P. 211–238.Gates D.M., Transpiration and leaf temperature, Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 1968, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 211–238.Genesio L.O., Miglietta F.R., Lugato E., Baronti S., Pieri M., Vaccari F.P. Surface albedo following biochar application in durum wheat // Environmental Research Letters. 2012. Vol. 7. No. 1. P. 014025.Genesio L.O., Miglietta F.R.., Lugato E., Baronti S., Pieri M., Vaccari F.P., Surface albedo following biochar application in durum wheat, Environmental Research Letters, 2012, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 014025.Grossman J.M., O’Neill B.E., Tsai S.M., Liang B., Neves E., Lehmann J., Thies J.E. Amazonian anthrosols support similar microbial communities that differ distinctly from those extant in adjacent, unmodified soils of the same mineralogy // Microbial ecology. 2010. Vol. 60. No. 1. P. 192–205.Grossman J.M., O’Neill B.E., Tsai S.M., Liang B., Neves E., Lehmann J., Thies J.E., Amazonian anthrosols support similar microbial communities that differ distinctly from those extant in adjacent, unmodified soils of the same mineralogy, Microbial ecology, 2010, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 192–205.He H., Dyck M.F., Horton R., Ren T., Bristow K.L., Lv J., Si B. Development and application of the heat pulse method for soil physical measurements // Reviews of Geophysics. 2018. Vol. 56. No. 4. P. 567–620.He H., Dyck M.F., Horton R., Ren T., Bristow K.L., Lv J., Si B., Development and application of the heat pulse method for soil physical measurements, Reviews of Geophysics, 2018, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 567–620.Jiang C., Yu G., Li Y., Cao G., Yang Z., Sheng W., Yu W. Nutrient resorption of coexistence species in alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau explains plant adaptation to nutrient-poor environment // Ecological Engineering. 2012. Vol. 44. P. 1–9.Jiang C., Yu G., Li Y., Cao G., Yang Z., Sheng W., Yu W., Nutrient resorption of coexistence species in alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau explains plant adaptation to nutrient-poor environment, Ecological Engineering, 2012, Vol. 44, pp. 1–9.Jones H.G., Leinonen I. Thermal imaging for the study of plant water relations // Journal of Agricultural Meteorology. 2003. Vol. 59. No. 3. P. 205–217.Jones H.G., Leinonen I., Thermal imaging for the study of plant water relations, Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 2003, Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 205–217.Joseph S.D., Camps-Arbestain M., Lin Y., Munroe P., Chia C.H., Hook J., Van Zwieten L., Kimber S., Cowie A., Singh B.P., Lehmann J. An investigation into the reactions of biochar in soil // Soil Research. 2010. Vol. 48. No. 7. P. 501–515.Joseph S.D., Camps-Arbestain M., Lin Y., Munroe P., Chia C.H., Hook J., Van Zwieten L., Kimber S., Cowie A., Singh B.P., Lehmann J., An investigation into the reactions of biochar in soil, Soil Research, 2010, Vol. 48, No. 7, pp. 501–515.Kammann C.I., Schmidt H.P., Messerschmidt N., Linsel S., Steffens D., Müller C., Koyro H.W., Conte P., Joseph S. Plant growth improvement mediated by nitrate capture in co-composted biochar // Scientific reports. 2015. Vol. 5. No. 1. P.1–13.Kammann C.I., Schmidt H.P., Messerschmidt N., Linsel S., Steffens D., Müller C., Koyro H.W., Conte P., Joseph S., Plant growth improvement mediated by nitrate capture in co-composted biochar, Scientific reports, 2015, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1–13.Khanal S., Fulton J., Shearer S. An overview of current and potential applications of thermal remote sensing in precision agriculture // Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2017. Vol. 139. P. 22–32.Khanal S., Fulton J., Shearer S., An overview of current and potential applications of thermal remote sensing in precision agriculture, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2017, Vol. 139, pp. 22–32.Laird D.A., Fleming P., Davis D.D., Horton R., Wang B., Karlen D.L. Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil // Geoderma. 2010. Vol. 158. No. 3–4. P. 443–449.Laird D.A., Fleming P., Davis D.D., Horton R., Wang B., Karlen D.L., Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil, Geoderma, 2010, Vol. 158, No. 3–4, pp. 443–449.Lehmann J., Gaunt J., Rondon M. Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems–a review // Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change. 2006. Vol. 11. No. 2. P. 403–427.Lehmann J., Gaunt J., Rondon M., Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems – a review, Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change, 2006, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 403–427.Lehmann J., Joseph S. Biochar for environmental management Science and Technology. London: Earthscan, 2015. 438 p.Lehmann J., Joseph S., Biochar for environmental management Science and Technology, London: Earthscan, 2015, 438 p.Liang B., Lehmann J., Sohi S.P., Thies J.E., O’Neill B., Trujillo L., Gaunt J., Solomon D., Grossman J., Neves E.G., Luizão F.J. Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil // Organic Geochemistry. 2010. Vol. 41. No. 2. P. 206–213.Liang B., Lehmann J., Sohi S.P., Thies J.E., O’Neill B., Trujillo L., Gaunt J., Solomon D., Grossman J., Neves E.G., Luizão F.J., Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil, Organic Geochemistry, 2010, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 206–213.Liang B., Lehmann J., Solomon D., Kinyangi J., Grossman J., O'Neill B., Skjemstad J.O., Thies J., Luizão F.J., Petersen J., Neves E.G. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils // Soil science society of America journal. 2006. Vol. 70. No. 5. P. 1719–1730.Liang B., Lehmann J., Solomon D., Kinyangi J., Grossman J., O'Neill B., Skjemstad J.O., Thies J., Luizão F.J., Petersen J., Neves E.G., Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils, Soil science society of America journal, 2006, Vol. 70, No. 5, pp. 1719–1730.Lin Y., Munroe P., Joseph S., Henderson R., Ziolkowski A. Water extractable organic carbon in untreated and chemical treated biochars // Chemosphere. 2012. Vol. 87. No. 2. P. 151–157.Lin Y., Munroe P., Joseph S., Henderson R., Ziolkowski A., Water extractable organic carbon in untreated and chemical treated biochars, Chemosphere, 2012, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 151–157.Liu S., Lu L., Ma D., Jia L. Evaluating parameterizations of aerodynamic resistance to heat transfer using field measurements // Hydrology and earth system sciences. 2007. Vol. 11. No. 2. P. 769–783.Liu S., Lu L., Ma, D., Jia L., Evaluating parameterizations of aerodynamic resistance to heat transfer using field measurements, Hydrology and earth system sciences, 2007, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 769–783.Liu Z., Xu J., Li X., Wang J. Mechanisms of biochar effects on thermal properties of red soil in south China // Geoderma. 2018. Vol. 323. P. 41–51.Liu Z., Xu J., Li X., Wang J., Mechanisms of biochar effects on thermal properties of red soil in south China, Geoderma, 2018, Vol. 323, pp. 41–51.Lu S., Ju Z., Ren T., Horton R. A general approach to estimate soil water content from thermal inertia // Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2009. Vol. 149. No. 10. P. 1693–1698.Lu S., Ju Z., Ren T., Horton R., A general approach to estimate soil water content from thermal inertia, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2009, Vol. 149, No. 10, pp. 1693–1698.Major J., Rondon M., Molina D., Riha S. J., Lehmann J. Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol // Plant and soil. 2010. Vol. 333. No. 1. P. 117–128.Major J., Rondon M., Molina D., Riha S.J., Lehmann J., Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol, Plant and soil, 2010, Vol. 333, No. 1, pp. 117–128.Oguntunde P.G., Fosu M., Ajayi A.E., Van De Giesen N. Effects of charcoal production on maize yield, chemical properties and texture of soil // Biology and Fertility of soils. 2004. Vol. 39. No. 4. P. 295–299.Oguntunde P.G., Fosu M., Ajayi A.E., Van De Giesen N., Effects of charcoal production on maize yield, chemical properties and texture of soil, Biology and Fertility of soils, 2004, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 295–299.Pietikäinen J., Kiikkilä O., Fritze H. Charcoal as a habitat for microbes and its effect on the microbial community of the underlying humus // Oikos. 2000. Vol. 89. No. 2. P. 231–242.Pietikäinen J., Kiikkilä O., Fritze H., Charcoal as a habitat for microbes and its effect on the microbial community of the underlying humus, Oikos, 2000, Vol. 89, No. 2, pp. 231–242.Qin J., Yang K., Lu N., Chen Y., Zhao L., Han M. Spatial upscaling of in-situ soil moisture measurements based on MODIS-derived apparent thermal inertia // Remote Sensing of Environment. 2013. Vol. 138. P. 1–9.Qin J., Yang K., Lu N., Chen Y., Zhao L., Han M., Spatial upscaling of in-situ soil moisture measurements based on MODIS-derived apparent thermal inertia, Remote Sensing of Environment, 2013, Vol. 138, pp. 1–9.Schmidt H.P., Pandit B.H., Martinsen V., Cornelissen G., Conte P., Kammann C.I. Fourfold increase in pumpkin yield in response to low-dosage root zone application of urine-enhanced biochar to a fertile tropical soil // Agriculture. 2015. Vol. 5. No. 3. P. 723–741.Schmidt H.P., Pandit B.H., Martinsen V., Cornelissen G., Conte P., Kammann C.I., Fourfold increase in pumpkin yield in response to low-dosage root zone application of urine-enhanced biochar to a fertile tropical soil, Agriculture, 2015, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 723–741.Sohi S.P., Krull E., Lopez-Capel E., Bol R. A review of biochar and its use and function in soil // Advances in agronomy. 2010. Vol. 105. P. 47–82.Sohi S. P., Krull E., Lopez-Capel E., Bol R., A review of biochar and its use and function in soil, Advances in agronomy, 2010, Vol. 105, pp. 47–82.Soliman A., Heck R.J., Brenning A., Brown R., Miller S. Remote sensing of soil moisture in vineyards using airborne and ground-based thermal inertia data // Remote Sensing. 2013. Vol. 5. No. 8. P. 3729–3748.Soliman A., Heck R.J., Brenning A., Brown R., Miller S., Remote sensing of soil moisture in vineyards using airborne and ground-based thermal inertia data, Remote Sensing, 2013, Vol. 5, No. 8, pp. 3729–3748.Steduto P., Hsiao T.C., Raes D., Fereres E. AquaCrop – The FAO crop model to simulate yield response to water: I. Concepts and underlying principles // Agronomy Journal. 2009. Vol. 101. No. 3. P. 426–437.Steduto P., Hsiao T.C., Raes D., Fereres E., AquaCrop – The FAO crop model to simulate yield response to water: I. Concepts and underlying principles, Agronomy Journal, 2009, Vol. 101, No. 3, pp. 426–437.Steiner C., Das K.C., Garcia M., Förster B., Zech W. Charcoal and smoke extract stimulate the soil microbial community in a highly weathered xanthic Ferralsol // Pedobiologia. 2008. Vol. 51. No. 5–6. P. 359–366.Steiner C., Das K.C., Garcia M., Förster B., Zech W., Charcoal and smoke extract stimulate the soil microbial community in a highly weathered xanthic Ferralsol, Pedobiologia, 2008, Vol. 51, No. 5–6, pp. 359–366.Su Z. The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes // Hydrology and earth system sciences. 2002. Vol. 6. No. 1. P. 85–100.Su Z., The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes, Hydrology and earth system sciences, 2002, Vol. 6,Suliman W., Harsh J.B., Abu-Lail N.I., Fortuna A.M., Dallmeyer I., Garcia-Pérez M. The role of biochar porosity and surface functionality in augmenting hydrologic properties of a sandy soil // Science of the Total Environment. 2017. Vol. 574. P. 139–147.No. 1, pp. 85–100.Usowicz B., Lipiec J., Łukowski M., Marczewski W., Usowicz J. The effect of biochar application on thermal properties and albedo of loess soil under grassland and fallow // Soil and Tillage Research. 2016. Vol. 164. P. 45–51.Suliman W., Harsh J.B., Abu-Lail N.I., Fortuna A.M., Dallmeyer I., Garcia-Pérez M., The role of biochar porosity and surface functionality in augmenting hydrologic properties of a sandy soil, Science of the Total Environment, 2017, Vol. 574, pp. 139–147.Uzoma K.C., Inoue M., Andry H., Fujimaki H., Zahoor A., Nishihara E. Effect of cow manure biochar on maize productivity under sandy soil condition // Soil use and management. 2011. Vol. 27. No. 2. P. 205–212.Usowicz B., Lipiec J., Łukowski M., Marczewski W., Usowicz J., The effect of biochar application on thermal properties and albedo of loess soil under grassland and fallow, Soil and Tillage Research, 2016, Vol. 164,Visconti F., de Paz J.M., Martinez D., Molina M.J. Laboratory and field assessment of the capacitance sensors Decagon 10HS and 5TE for estimating the water content of irrigated soils // Agricultural Water Management. 2014. Vol. 132. P. 111–119.pp. 45–51.Wang T., Stewart C.E., Sun C., Wang Y., Zheng J. Effects of biochar addition on evaporation in the five typical Loess Plateau soils // Catena. 2018. Vol. 162. P. 29–39.Uzoma K.C., Inoue M., Andry H., Fujimaki H., Zahoor A., Nishihara E., Effect of cow manure biochar on maize productivity under sandy soil condition, Soil use and management, 2011, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 205–212.Zhang A., Cui L., Pan G., Li L., Hussain Q., Zhang X., Zheng J., Crowley D. Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain, China // Agriculture, ecosystems & environment. 2010. Vol. 139. No. 4. P. 469–475.Visconti F., de Paz J.M., Martinez D., Molina M.J., Laboratory and field assessment of the capacitance sensors Decagon 10HS and 5TE for estimating the water content of irrigated soils, Agricultural Water Management, 2014, Vol. 132, pp. 111–119.Zhang H., Voroney R.P., Price G.W. Effects of temperature and processing conditions on biochar chemical properties and their influence on soil C and N transformations // Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 2015. Vol. 83. P. 19–28.Wang T., Stewart C.E., Sun C., Wang Y., Zheng J., Effects of biochar addition on evaporation in the five typical Loess Plateau soils, Catena, 2018, Vol. 162, pp. 29–39.Zhang Q., Wang Y., Wu Y., Wang X., Du Z., Liu X., Song J. Effects of biochar amendment on soil thermal conductivity, reflectance, and temperature // Soil Science Society of America Journal. 2013. Vol. 77. No. 5. P. 1478–1487.Zhang A., Cui L., Pan G., Li L., Hussain Q., Zhang X., Zheng J., Crowley D., Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain, China, Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 2010, Vol. 139, No. 4, pp. 469–475.Zhao J., Ren T., Zhang Q., Du Z., Wang Y. Effects of biochar amendment on soil thermal properties in the North China Plain // Soil Science Society of America Journal. 2016. Vol. 80. No. 5. P. 1157–1166.Zhang H., Voroney R.P., Price G.W., Effects of temperature and processing conditions on biochar chemical properties and their influence on soil C and N transformations, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2015, Vol. 83, pp. 19–28.Zhao W., Dong X., Wu Z., Wei C., Li L., Yu D., Fan X., Ma Y. Using infrared thermal imaging technology to estimate the transpiration rate of citrus trees and evaluate plant water status // Journal of Hydrology. 2022. Vol. 615. P. 128671.Zhang Q., Wang Y., Wu Y., Wang X., Du Z., Liu X., Song J., Effects of biochar amendment on soil thermal conductivity, reflectance, and temperature, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2013, Vol. 77, No. 5, pp. 1478–1487.Zhou Z., Majeed Y., Naranjo G.D., Gambacorta E.M. Assessment for crop water stress with infrared thermal imagery in precision agriculture: A review and future prospects for deep learning applications // Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2021. Vol. 182. P. 106019.Zhao J., Ren T., Zhang Q., Du Z., Wang Y., Effects of biochar amendment on soil thermal properties in the North China Plain, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2016, Vol. 80, No. 5, pp. 1157–1166.Zhao W., Dong X., Wu Z., Wei C., Li L., Yu D., Fan X., Ma Y., Using infrared thermal imaging technology to estimate the transpiration rate of citrus trees and evaluate plant water status, Journal of Hydrology, 2022, Vol. 615, pp. 128671.Zhao W., Dong X., Wu Z., Wei C., Li L., Yu D., Fan X., Ma Y., Using infrared thermal imaging technology to estimate the transpiration rate of citrus trees and evaluate plant water status, Journal of Hydrology, 2022, Vol. 615, pp. 128671.Zhou Z., Majeed Y., Naranjo G.D., Gambacorta E.M., Assessment for crop water stress with infrared thermal imagery in precision agriculture: A review and future prospects for deep learning applications, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2021, Vol. 182, pp. 106019.Zhou Z., Majeed Y., Naranjo G.D., Gambacorta E.M., Assessment for crop water stress with infrared thermal imagery in precision agriculture: A review and future prospects for deep learning applications, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 2021, Vol. 182, pp. 106019.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.