esoilБюллетень Почвенного института имени В.В. ДокучаеваDokuchaev Soil Bulletin0136-16942312-4202V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute10.19047/0136-1694-2023-115-160-198esoil-758Research ArticleСтатьиКуриный помет как органическое удобрение: технологии компостирования и влияние на почвенные свойства (обзор)Chicken manure as an organic fertilizer: composting technologies and impact on soil properties (a review)https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6811-5793СеменовМ. В.SemenovM. V.

Михаил Вячеславович Семенов - лаборатория почвенного углерода и микробной экологии, старший научный сотрудник.

119017, Москва, Пыжевский пер, 7, стр. 2

7 Bld. 2 Pyzhevskiy per., Moscow 119017

mikhail.v.semenov@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-299XЖелезоваА. Д.ZhelezovaA. D.

Алёна Дмитриевна Железова - лаборатория почвенного углерода и микробной экологии, научный сотрудник.

119017, Москва, Пыжевский пер, 7, стр. 2

7 Bld. 2 Pyzhevskiy per., Moscow 119017

alferrum@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1317-5101КсенофонтоваН. А.KsenofontovaN. A.

Наталья Андреевна Ксенофонтова - лаборатория почвенного углерода и микробной экологии,  научный сотрудник.

119017, Москва, Пыжевский пер, 7, стр. 2

7 Bld. 2 Pyzhevskiy per., Moscow 119017

natali9020010@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1589-9875ИвановаЕ. А.IvanovaE. A.

Екатерина Андреевна Иванова - лаборатория почвенного углерода и микробной экологии, старший научный сотрудник.

119017, Москва, Пыжевский пер, 7, стр. 2

7 Bld. 2 Pyzhevskiy per., Moscow 119017

ektrnivanova@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8533-6536НикитинД. А.NikitinD. A.

Дмитрий Алексеевич Никитин - лаборатория почвенного углерода и микробной экологии, старший научный сотрудник.

119017, Москва, Пыжевский пер, 7, стр. 2

7 Bld. 2 Pyzhevskiy per., Moscow 119017

dimnik90@mail.ruФИЦ “Почвенный институт им. В.В. Докучаева”РоссияFederal Research Centre “V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute”Russian Federation2023040820230115160198Copyright © Семенов М.В., Железова А.Д., Ксенофонтова Н.А., Иванова Е.А., Никитин Д.А., 20232023Семенов М.В., Железова А.Д., Ксенофонтова Н.А., Иванова Е.А., Никитин Д.А.Semenov M.V., Zhelezova A.D., Ksenofontova N.A., Ivanova E.A., Nikitin D.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://bulletin.esoil.ru/jour/article/view/758

Куриный помет и компосты на его основе являются ценными органическими удобрениями, способными положительно влиять на плодородие почвы и значительно повышать урожайность сельскохозяйственных культур. Однако внесение свежего помета может приводить к избыточным концентрациям азота и других питательных веществ в почве, а также заражению почвы микроорганизмами, патогенными для человека и животных. Поэтому перед использованием в земледелии рекомендуется предварительное компостирование куриного помета. В обзоре рассмотрены состав и свойства куриного помета, технологии его компостирования, а также его влияние на физические, химические и биологические свойства почвы. Применение компостированного помета способствует увеличению в нем содержания органического углерода (в среднем на 1–1.5%), азота (на 0.1–0.2%) и других биофильных элементов. Кроме того, наблюдается улучшение таких физических свойств почвы, как пористость, аэрированность, снижается плотность почвы, а также происходит повышение рН (на 0.2– 0.4), электропроводности (в 2–2.5 раза) и количества водостойких агрегатов (на 5–10%). Применение данных видов удобрений также способствует повышению биологической активности, микробного разнообразия, углерода микробной биомассы (на 25–75%) и ферментативной активности почвы (фосфатазы и каталазы – в 5–7 раз; уреазы – в 3–5 раз). При внесении куриного помета в почву отмечается значительное (в 2–4 раза) увеличение численности бактерий филумов Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes и Actinobacteria. Обсуждается необходимость изучения влияния компостов на основе куриного помета на химический состав и пулы почвенного органического вещества, поровое пространство и эколого-трофическую структуру почвенного микробиома.

Chicken manure and composts derived from it are valuable organic fertilizers that have a positive impact on soil fertility and significantly enhance crop yields. However, the application of fresh manure can lead to excessive concentrations of nitrogen and other nutrients in the soil, as well as contamination of the soil with microorganisms that are pathogenic to humans and animals. Therefore, it is recommended to compost chicken manure prior to its use in agriculture. This review examines the composition and properties of chicken manure, the techniques involved in its composting, and its influence on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. The utilization of composted manure results in increased levels of organic carbon (on average by 1–1.5%), nitrogen (by 0.1–0.2%), and other biophilic elements. Moreover, it improves various physical properties of the soil, such as porosity, aeration, and density. Levels of pH increase (by 0.2–0.4), as well as electrical conductivity (by 2–2.5 times), and the quantity of water-resistant aggregates (by 5–10%). The application of these fertilizers also promotes biological activity, microbial diversity, microbial biomass carbon (by 25–75%), and soil enzymatic activity (phosphatase and catalase increase by 5–7 times, and urease by 3–5 times). When chicken manure is incorporated into the soil, a significant (2–4 times) increase in the population of bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria is observed. The necessity of investigating the effects of compost derived from chicken manure on the chemical composition and storage of soil organic matter, pore space, and the ecotrophic structure of the soil microbiome is also discussed.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.