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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">esoil</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Бюллетень Почвенного института имени В.В. Докучаева</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0136-1694</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2312-4202</issn><publisher><publisher-name>V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19047/0136-1694-2024-120-136-163</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">esoil-810</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Определение давления тракторов на почву и картографирование ее уплотнения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Computing the pressure of agricultural tractors  on soil and mapping its compaction</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4735-1935</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Адылин</surname><given-names>И. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Adylin</surname><given-names>I. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor of the Department of Life Safety and Environmental Engineering</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vanro1989@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6083-5515</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Comparetti</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Comparetti</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">antonio.comparetti@unipa.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2741-496X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Greco</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Greco</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">carlo.greco@crea.gov.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапик</surname><given-names>В. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapik</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor of the Department of Technical Systems in Agribusiness, Environmental Management and Road Construction</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v.p.lapick@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапик</surname><given-names>П. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapik</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>graduate student</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pasha_lapik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9403-4735</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Orlando</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Orlando</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">santo.orlando@unipa.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУВО “Брянский государственный аграрный университет”</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education “Bryansk State Agrarian University”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Палермо</institution><country>Италия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Palermo</institution><country>Italy</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>120</issue><fpage>136</fpage><lpage>163</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Адылин И.П., Comparetti A., Greco C., Лапик В.П., Лапик П.В., Orlando S., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Адылин И.П., Comparetti A., Greco C., Лапик В.П., Лапик П.В., Orlando S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Adylin I.P., Comparetti A., Greco C., Lapik V.P., Lapik P.V., Orlando S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bulletin.esoil.ru/jour/article/view/810">https://bulletin.esoil.ru/jour/article/view/810</self-uri><abstract><p>Производители сельскохозяйственной техники при проектировании уделяют мало внимания ее воздействию на почву, поэтому выпускают модели с высокой компрессионной нагрузкой на почву или с малой площадью контакта шин/гусениц с поверхностью почвы. Поэтому целью данного исследования является оценка негативного воздействия колесных и гусеничных тракторов на почву с точки зрения ее переуплотнения и его причин (т. е. конструктивных особенностей тракторных шин/гусениц) за последние 60 лет (с 1961 по 2021 гг.). Уплотнение почвы происходит из-за давления, оказываемого сельскохозяйственными машинами на почву через пятно контакта шин/гусениц с поверхностью почвы. Для этого был проанализирован основной показатель негативного воздействия на почву тракторов, произведенных за последние 60 лет, а именно – среднее давление, оказываемое на почву шинами или гусеницами тракторов, произведенных в странах ЕС и на постсоветском пространстве с 1961 по 2021 гг. Общее снижение среднего давления шин/гусениц на почву наблюдается в 1980-х и 1990-х годах, а с 2000 г. отмечается его общее увеличение, прежде всего для тракторов мощностью более 140 кВт. Таким образом, существует острая необходимость в оценке пространственно-временных изменений уязвимости почвы к переуплотнению, которая зависит от погодных условий и свойств почвы, а также от агротехнических приемов, и может быть в полной мере оценена только с помощью комбинации традиционных методов (т. е. использования конусного пенетрометра с последующим 2D-картографированием в ГИС или 3D-картографированием с помощью геостатистики) и механических подходов (т. е. расчета параметров сельскохозяйственных машин – площади контакта с почвой). Результаты показывают, что производители тракторов не позаботились о снижении уплотнения почвы в рассматриваемый период.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Manufacturers of agricultural machines, when designing, pay a little attention to its impact on soil, thus producing models with high compression loads on the soil or with a small contact area between the tyres/tracks and the soil surface. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the negative impact of both wheeled and tracked agricultural tractors on the soil, in terms of soil compaction, and its causes (i. e. design features of tractor tyres/tracks), during the last six decades (i. e. from 1961 to 2021). Soil compaction is caused by the pressure applied by agricultural machines on the soil through the contact area of their tyres/tracks with the soil surface. So, the main indicator of the negative impact on the soil by the tractors manufactured during the last 60 years, i. e. the average pressure applied by the tyres or tracks of tractors manufactured in EU and in the post-Soviet cuntries from 1961 to 2021 to the soil, was computed. A general decrease of the average pressure of the tyres/tracks on the soil can be observed in 1980s and 1990s, followed by its general increase since 2000, above all for the tractors having power higher than 140 kW. Thus, there is an urgent need to assess spatial and temporal changes in soil vulnerability to compaction, that depends on weather conditions and soil properties, as well as agricultural management practices, and can only be fully assessed by means of a combination of traditional techniques (i. e. use of soil cone penetrometer followed by 2D mapping using GIS or 3D mapping through geostatistics) and mechanical approaches (i. e. computation of agricultural machine parameters – soil contact area). The results show that tractor manufacturers did not take care of reducing soil compaction during the considered period. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>деградация почвы</kwd><kwd>уплотнение почвы</kwd><kwd>тракторы</kwd><kwd>колеса</kwd><kwd>гусеницы</kwd><kwd>пространственная изменчивость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>soil degradation</kwd><kwd>soil compaction</kwd><kwd>tractors</kwd><kwd>tyres</kwd><kwd>tracks</kwd><kwd>spatial variability</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adamchuk V.I., Sotnikov A.V., Speichinger J.D., Kocher M.F., Instrumentation System for Variable Depth Tillage, ASAE Annual International Meeting, Paper Number 031078, Las Vegas, Nevada, 2003, pp. 1–10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soane B.D., Bonne F.R. 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