esoilБюллетень Почвенного института имени В.В. ДокучаеваDokuchaev Soil Bulletin0136-16942312-4202V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute10.19047/0136-1694-2025-123-100-115esoil-917Research ArticleСтатьиПотери органического углерода из почвы в результате перевода естественных лесов в сельскохозяйственные земли: Опыт ЭритреиSoil organic carbon losses following conversion of natural forests into agriculture: Insights from Eritreahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0771-5522TesfayT.TesfayT.

Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation;

Department of Land Resources and Environment, Keren, Eritrea

tumuzghitesfay7@gmail.comMohamedE. S.MohamedE. S.

Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation;

Cairo 1564, Egypt

salama55@gmail.comMehrteabM.MehrteabM.

Department of Land Resources and Environment, Keren, Eritrea

medateab2022@gmail.comGhebretnsaeT. W.GhebretnsaeT. W.

Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation; 

Department of Land Resources and Environment, Keren, Eritrea

tesfaweld333@gmail.comSerekeT. E.SerekeT. E.

Department of Geography, 4 Gorokhovsky Str., Moscow 105064, Russian Federation;

Department of Geography, Adi Keih, Eritrea

temesghensereke@gmail.comPeoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba; Hamelmalo Agricultural CollegeEritreaPeoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba; National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space SciencesEgyptHamelmalo Agricultural CollegeEritreaMoscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography; College of Business and Social SciencesEritrea2025170720250123100115Copyright © Tesfay T., Mohamed E.S., Mehrteab M., Ghebretnsae T.W., Sereke T.E., 20252025Tesfay T., Mohamed E.S., Mehrteab M., Ghebretnsae T.W., Sereke T.E.Tesfay T., Mohamed E.S., Mehrteab M., Ghebretnsae T.W., Sereke T.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://bulletin.esoil.ru/jour/article/view/917

Преобразование естественных лесов в сельскохозяйственные угодья может привести к значительным потерям органического углерода в почве. Оценка запасов почвенного органического углерода при таких изменениях в землепользовании важна для рационального использования земель, повышения плодородия почв, восстановления экосистем и разработки мер по смягчению последствий изменения климата. Однако информация о состоянии запасов почвенного органического углерода при таких видах землепользования в Эритрее и в регионе в целом весьма ограничена. Таким образом, целью исследования была оценка запасов почвенного органического углерода в естественных лесах, при непрерывном и переложном земледелии и на пастбищах. Пятьдесят один образец из верхнего слоя почвы был отобран из четырех вариантов землепользования в окрестностях Ади Хакин, Лаэлай Гаш, Эритрея, и проанализирован. Результаты однофакторного дисперсионного анализа (ANOVA) показали, что изменения в землепользовании сильно влияют на запасы почвенного органического углерода (p < 0.001). В почвах под естественным лесом и при непрерывном земледелии зарегистрированы максимальные (51.69 Мг·га-1) и минимальные (21.23 Мг·га-1) значения средних запасов почвенного органического углерода соответственно. На пастбищах  и  при  переложном  земледелии  запасы  почвенного органического углерода составили 22.74 и 23.57 Мг·га-1 соответственно. Преобразование естественных лесов в участки непрерывного земледелия, в пастбища и в угодья переложного земледелия на исследуемой территории с течением времени привело к потере 59, 56 и 54% запасов почвенного органического углерода и выбросу в атмосферу 112, 106 и 103 Мг CO2 га-1 соответственно. При традиционном сельском хозяйстве в атмосферу выбрасывается больше углерода, чем при остальных видах землепользования. Напротив, сохранение естественных лесов имеет решающее значение для секвестрации углерода и борьбы с выбросами CO2 в атмосферу.

Conversion of natural forests into conventional agricultural lands may lead to significant soil organic carbon losses. Soil organic carbon stock assessment for such land use changes is very crucial for appropriate land use management, soil fertility improvement, ecosystem restoration and climate-change mitigation measures. However, information on the status of soil organic carbon stocks for such land use types is limited in Eritrea and in the Horn of Africa. Thus, the study aimed to assess soil organic carbon stocks for natural forests, continuous cropping, shifting cultivation, and grazing land use types. Fifty-one surface soil samples were collected from these four types of land use around Adi Hakin, Laelay Gash, Eritrea, and analysed. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test results showed that land use changes had highly significant effect on soil organic carbon stock (p < 0.001). The natural forest and continuous cropping land use types recorded the highest (51.69 Mg·ha-1) and lowest (21.23 Mg·ha-1) mean soil organic carbon stocks, respectively. Grazing and shifting cultivation had 22.74 and 23.57 Mg·ha-1 soil organic carbon stocks, respectively. Conversion of natural forest into continuous cropping, grazing, and shifting cultivation in the study area in the long run resulted in losing 58.93, 56.00 and 54.40% of soil organic carbon stocks, and emitting 111.79, 106.25 and 103.20 Mg·CO2 ha-1, respectively, to the atmosphere. Thus, the study concludes that conventional agriculture contributes to the atmospheric CO2 concentration through soil carbon emission. On the contrary, conservation of natural forests is crucial for soil carbon sequestration and atmospheric CO2 mitigation endeavors.

землепользованиепочвенный органический углеродестественный леспереложное земледелиевыпас скотаland usessoil organic carbonnatural forestshifting cultivationgrazingThe authors would like to thank the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) of Eritrea, National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI), Hamelmalo Agricultural College (HAC) for their support in soil lab analyses and providing additional information.ReferencesAbrell T., Naudin K., Bianchi F., Aragao D.V., Tittonell P., Corbeelset M., Shifting cultivation in decline: An analysis of soil fertility and weed pressure in intensified cropping systems in Eastern Amazon, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2024, 360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108793.Abrell T., Naudin K., Bianchi F., Aragao D.V., Tittonell P., Corbeelset M., Shifting cultivation in decline: An analysis of soil fertility and weed pressure in intensified cropping systems in Eastern Amazon, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2024, 360, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2023.108793.Adolph B., Jellason N.P., Kwenye J.M., Davies J., Dray A.G., Waeber P.O., Jeary K., Franks P., Exploring Farmers’ Decisions on Agricultural Intensification and Cropland Expansion in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Zambia through Serious Gaming, Land, 2023, Vol. 12, 556, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030556.Adolph B., Jellason N.P., Kwenye J.M., Davies J., Dray A.G., Waeber P.O., Jeary K., Franks P., Exploring Farmers’ Decisions on Agricultural Intensification and Cropland Expansion in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Zambia through Serious Gaming, Land, 2023, Vol. 12, 556, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030556.Baul T.K., Chowdhury A.I., Uddin J., Hasan M.K., Kilpeläinen A., Nandi R., Karmakar S., Akhter J., Effects of fragmentation and shifting cultivation on soil carbon and nutrients: A case study in Sitapahar forest, Bangladesh, Rhizosphere, 2023, 27, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2023.100756.Baul T.K., Chowdhury A.I., Uddin J., Hasan M.K., Kilpeläinen A., Nandi R., Karmakar S., Akhter J., Effects of fragmentation and shifting cultivation on soil carbon and nutrients: A case study in Sitapahar forest, Bangladesh, Rhizosphere, 2023, 27, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2023.100756.Beillouin D., Corbeels M., Demenois J., Berre D., Boyer A., Fallot A., Feder F., Cardinael R., A global meta-analysis of soil organic carbon in the Anthropocene, Nature Communications, 2023, 14, 3700, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39338-z.Beillouin D., Corbeels M., Demenois J., Berre D., Boyer A., Fallot A., Feder F., Cardinael R., A global meta-analysis of soil organic carbon in the Anthropocene, Nature Communications, 2023, 14, 3700, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39338-z.Berhe S.M., Final Country Report of the Land Degradation Neutrality Target Setting Programme in Eritrea, The State of Eritrea, UNCCD National Focal Point, LDN National Working Group and Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara: 2018, 20 p.Berhe S.M., Final Country Report of the Land Degradation Neutrality Target Setting Programme in Eritrea, The State of Eritrea, UNCCD National Focal Point, LDN National Working Group and Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara: 2018, 20 p.Chatterjee D., Kuotsu R., Ray S.K., Patra M.K., Thirugnanavel A., Kumar R., ... Deka B.C., Preventing soil degradation in shifting cultivation using integrated farming system models, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2022, Vol. 68(13), pp. 1841–1857, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2021.1937139.Chatterjee D., Kuotsu R., Ray S.K., Patra M.K., Thirugnanavel A., Kumar R., ... Deka B.C., Preventing soil degradation in shifting cultivation using integrated farming system models, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2022, Vol. 68(13), pp. 1841–1857, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2021.1937139.Chen C.P., Juang K.W., Cheng C.H., Pai C.W., Effects of adjacent land-use types on the distribution of soil organic carbon stocks in the montane area of central Taiwan. Botanical Studies, 2016, Vol. 57(1), 32, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-016-0147-5.Chen C.P., Juang K.W., Cheng C.H., Pai C.W., Effects of adjacent land-use types on the distribution of soil organic carbon stocks in the montane area of central Taiwan. Botanical Studies, 2016, Vol. 57(1), 32, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-016-0147-5.Choudhary B.K., Majumdar K., Datta B.K., Effects of land use on the Soil Organic Carbon storage potentiality and soil edaphic factors in Tripura, Northeast India, American Journal of Climate Change, 2016, Vol. 5(3), DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2016.53031.Choudhary B.K., Majumdar K., Datta B.K., Effects of land use on the Soil Organic Carbon storage potentiality and soil edaphic factors in Tripura, Northeast India, American Journal of Climate Change, 2016, Vol. 5(3), DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2016.53031.Ciric V., Manojlovic M., Nesic L., Belic M., Soil organic carbon loss following land use change in a semiarid environment, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 2013, Vol. 19(3), pp. 461–466, URL: https://agrojournal.org/19/03-11.pdf.Ciric V., Manojlovic M., Nesic L., Belic M., Soil organic carbon loss following land use change in a semiarid environment, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 2013, Vol. 19(3), pp. 461–466, URL: https://agrojournal.org/19/03-11.pdf.Don A., Schumacher J., Freibauer A., Impact of tropical land-use change on soil organic carbon stocks – a meta-analysis, Global Change Biology, 2011, Vol 17(4), pp. 1658–1670, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02336.x.Don A., Schumacher J., Freibauer A., Impact of tropical land-use change on soil organic carbon stocks – a meta-analysis, Global Change Biology, 2011, Vol 17(4), pp. 1658–1670, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02336.x.FAO. Standard operating procedure for soil organic carbon Walkley-Black method (Titration and colorimetric method). Global Soil Laboratory Network GLOSOLAN, 2019, URL: https://www.fao.org/3/ca7471en/ca7471en.pdf.FAO. Standard operating procedure for soil organic carbon Walkley-Black method (Titration and colorimetric method). Global Soil Laboratory Network GLOSOLAN, 2019, URL: https://www.fao.org/3/ca7471en/ca7471en.pdf.Ghebrezgabher M.G., Yang T., Yang X., Wang X., Khan M., Extracting and analysing forest and woodland cover change in Eritrea based on landsat data using supervised classification, The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, 2016, Vol. 19, pp. 37–47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2015.09.002.Ghebrezgabher M.G., Yang T., Yang X., Wang X., Khan M., Extracting and analysing forest and woodland cover change in Eritrea based on landsat data using supervised classification, The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, 2016, Vol. 19, pp. 37–47, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2015.09.002.Ghimire P., Lamichhane U., Bolakhe S., Lee C.H.J., Impact of land use types on soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks: A study from the Lal Bakaiya watershed in Central Nepal, Hindawi International Journal of Forestry Research, 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9356474.Ghimire P., Lamichhane U., Bolakhe S., Lee C.H.J., Impact of land use types on soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks: A study from the Lal Bakaiya watershed in Central Nepal, Hindawi International Journal of Forestry Research, 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9356474.Ibrahim F.M., Osikabor B., Olatunji B.T., Ogunwale G.O., Understanding forest land conversion for agriculture in a developing country context: An application of the theory of planned behaviour among a cohort of Nigerian farmers, Folia Forestalia Polonica, 2022, Vol. 64(3), pp. 117–130, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0012.Ibrahim F.M., Osikabor B., Olatunji B.T., Ogunwale G.O., Understanding forest land conversion for agriculture in a developing country context: An application of the theory of planned behaviour among a cohort of Nigerian farmers, Folia Forestalia Polonica, 2022, Vol. 64(3), pp. 117–130, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0012.IPCC-Climate Change. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.IPCC-Climate Change. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.IPCC. Fourth Assessment Report. Climate Change Synthesis Report. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.IPCC. Fourth Assessment Report. Climate Change Synthesis Report. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Ivanov A.L., Savin I.Yu., Stolbovoy V.S., Dukhanin Yu.A., Kozlov D.N., Methodological approaches to the formation of a unified national system of monitoring and accounting of carbon balance and greenhouse gas emissions on lands of the agricultural fund of the Russian Federation, Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, 2021, Vol. 108, pp. 175–218, DOI: https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2021-108-175-218Ivanov A.L., Savin I.Yu., Stolbovoy V.S., Dukhanin Yu.A., Kozlov D.N., Methodological approaches to the formation of a unified national system of monitoring and accounting of carbon balance and greenhouse gas emissions on lands of the agricultural fund of the Russian Federation, Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, 2021, Vol. 108, pp. 175–218, DOI: https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2021-108-175-218Kim J., Ale S., Kreuter U.P., Teague W.R., DelGrosso S.J., Dowhower S.L., Evaluating the impacts of alternative grazing management practices on soil carbon sequestration and soil health indicators, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2023, 342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108234.Kim J., Ale S., Kreuter U.P., Teague W.R., DelGrosso S.J., Dowhower S.L., Evaluating the impacts of alternative grazing management practices on soil carbon sequestration and soil health indicators, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2023, 342, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108234.Lebedeva T.N., Sokolov D.A., Semenov M.V., Zinyakova N.B., Udaltsov S.N., Semenov V.M., Distribution of organic carbon between structural and process pools in gray forest soil of different land use, Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, 2024, Vol. 118, pp. 79–127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2024-118-79-127.Lebedeva T.N., Sokolov D.A., Semenov M.V., Zinyakova N.B., Udaltsov S.N., Semenov V.M., Distribution of organic carbon between structural and process pools in gray forest soil of different land use, Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, 2024, Vol. 118, pp. 79–127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2024-118-79-127.Measho S., Chen B., Trisurat Y., Pellikka P., Guo L., Arunyawat S., Tuankrua V., Ogbazghi W., Yemane T., Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics as a Response to Climate Variability and Drought Patterns in the Semiarid Region, Eritrea, Remote Sensensing, 2019, 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11060724.Measho S., Chen B., Trisurat Y., Pellikka P., Guo L., Arunyawat S., Tuankrua V., Ogbazghi W., Yemane T., Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Vegetation Dynamics as a Response to Climate Variability and Drought Patterns in the Semiarid Region, Eritrea, Remote Sensensing, 2019, 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11060724.Mosier S., Apfelbaum S., Byck P., Ippolito J., Cotrufo M.F., Improvements in soil properties under adaptive multipaddock grazing relative to conventional grazing, Agronomy Journal, 2022, Vol. 114, pp. 2584–2597, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21135.Mosier S., Apfelbaum S., Byck P., Ippolito J., Cotrufo M.F., Improvements in soil properties under adaptive multipaddock grazing relative to conventional grazing, Agronomy Journal, 2022, Vol. 114, pp. 2584–2597, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21135.Mussa M., Ebro A., Nigatu A., Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stock response to traditional enclosure management in eastern Ethiopia, Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management, 2017, Vol. 8(2), pp. 37–43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/JSSEM2015.0545.Mussa M., Ebro A., Nigatu A., Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stock response to traditional enclosure management in eastern Ethiopia, Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management, 2017, Vol. 8(2), pp. 37–43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/JSSEM2015.0545.Naty A., Environment, Society and the State in Western Eritrea, Africa, 2002, Vol. 72(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.3366/afr.2002.72.4.569.Naty A., Environment, Society and the State in Western Eritrea, Africa, 2002, Vol. 72(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.3366/afr.2002.72.4.569.Ngatia L.W., Moriasi D., Grace J.M., Fu R., Gardner C.S., Taylor R.W., Land Use Change Affects Soil Organic Carbon: An Indicator of Soil Health, IntechOpen. Environmental Health, 2021, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95764.Ngatia L.W., Moriasi D., Grace J.M., Fu R., Gardner C.S., Taylor R.W., Land Use Change Affects Soil Organic Carbon: An Indicator of Soil Health, IntechOpen. Environmental Health, 2021, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95764.Nuguse M.T., Sıngh B., Ogbazghi W., Studies on soil organic carbon and some physico-chemical properties as affected by different land uses in Eritrea, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2019, Vol. 18(3), pp. 213–222, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2019.00030.4.Nuguse M.T., Sıngh B., Ogbazghi W., Studies on soil organic carbon and some physico-chemical properties as affected by different land uses in Eritrea, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2019, Vol. 18(3), pp. 213–222, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2019.00030.4.Olorunfemi I.E., Olufayo A.A., Fasinmirin J.T., Komolafe A.A., Dynamics of land use land cover and its impact on carbon stocks in Sub-Saharan Africa: an overview, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2022, Vol. 24, pp. 40–76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01484-z.Olorunfemi I.E., Olufayo A.A., Fasinmirin J.T., Komolafe A.A., Dynamics of land use land cover and its impact on carbon stocks in Sub-Saharan Africa: an overview, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2022, Vol. 24, pp. 40–76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01484-z.Pringle M.J., Allen D.E., Phelps D.G., Bray S.G., Orton T.G., Dalal R.C., The effect of pasture utilization rate on stocks of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in a semi-arid tropical grassland, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2014, Vol. 195, pp. 83–90, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.05.013.Pringle M.J., Allen D.E., Phelps D.G., Bray S.G., Orton T.G., Dalal R.C., The effect of pasture utilization rate on stocks of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in a semi-arid tropical grassland, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2014, Vol. 195, pp. 83–90, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.05.013.Ritchie M.E., Grazing Management, Forage Production and Soil Carbon Dynamics, Resources, 2020, 9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/RESOURCES9040049.Ritchie M.E., Grazing Management, Forage Production and Soil Carbon Dynamics, Resources, 2020, 9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/RESOURCES9040049.Schulz K., Voigt K., Beusch C., Almeida-Cortez J.S., Kowarik I., Walz A., Cierjacks A., Grazing deteriorates the soil carbon stocks of Caatinga forest ecosystems in Brazil, Forest Ecology Management, 2016, Vol. 367, pp. 62–70, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.02.011.Schulz K., Voigt K., Beusch C., Almeida-Cortez J.S., Kowarik I., Walz A., Cierjacks A., Grazing deteriorates the soil carbon stocks of Caatinga forest ecosystems in Brazil, Forest Ecology Management, 2016, Vol. 367, pp. 62–70, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.02.011.Tan Z.X., Lal R., Smeck N.E., Calhoun F.G., Slater B.K., Parkinson B., Gehring B., Taxonomic and geographic distribution of soil organic carbon pools in Ohio, In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2004b, Vol. 68, pp. 1896–1904.Tan Z.X., Lal R., Smeck N.E., Calhoun F.G., Slater B.K., Parkinson B., Gehring B., Taxonomic and geographic distribution of soil organic carbon pools in Ohio, In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2004b, Vol. 68, pp. 1896–1904.Tesfay T., Mohamed E.S., Ghebretnsae T.W., Ghebremariam S.B., Mehrteab M., Soil organic carbon stock assessment for soil fertility improvement, ecosystem restoration and climate-change mitigation, E3S Web of Conferences 555, 2024, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455501015.Tesfay T., Mohamed E.S., Ghebretnsae T.W., Ghebremariam S.B., Mehrteab M., Soil organic carbon stock assessment for soil fertility improvement, ecosystem restoration and climate-change mitigation, E3S Web of Conferences 555, 2024, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455501015.Tesfay T., Ogbazghi W., Singh B., Effects of soil and water conservation interventions on some physico-chemical properties of soil in Hamelmalo and Serejeka Sub-zones of Eritrea, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2020, Vol. 19(3), pp. 229–234, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2020.00031.4.Tesfay T., Ogbazghi W., Singh B., Effects of soil and water conservation interventions on some physico-chemical properties of soil in Hamelmalo and Serejeka Sub-zones of Eritrea, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2020, Vol. 19(3), pp. 229–234, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2020.00031.4.Tesfay T., Ogbazghi W., Singh B., Tsegai T., Factors Influencing Soil and Water Conservation Adoption in Basheri, Gheshnashm and Shmangus, Eritrea, IRA International Journal of Applied Sciences, 2018, Vol. 12(2), pp. 7–14, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jas.v12.n2.p1.Tesfay T., Ogbazghi W., Singh B., Tsegai T., Factors Influencing Soil and Water Conservation Adoption in Basheri, Gheshnashm and Shmangus, Eritrea, IRA International Journal of Applied Sciences, 2018, Vol. 12(2), pp. 7–14, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jas.v12.n2.p1.Tolimir M., Kresović B., Životić L., Dragović S., Dragović R., Sredojević Z., Gajić B., The conversion of forestland into agricultural land without appropriate measures to conserve SOM leads to the degradation of physical and rheological soil properties, Scientific Reports, 2020, Vol. 10(1), 13668, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70464-6.Tolimir M., Kresović B., Životić L., Dragović S., Dragović R., Sredojević Z., Gajić B., The conversion of forestland into agricultural land without appropriate measures to conserve SOM leads to the degradation of physical and rheological soil properties, Scientific Reports, 2020, Vol. 10(1), 13668, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70464-6.Wei X., Shao M., Gale W., Li L., Global pattern of soil carbon losses due to the conversion of forests to agricultural land, Scientific Reports, 2014, Vol. 4(1), 4062, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep04062.Wei X., Shao M., Gale W., Li L., Global pattern of soil carbon losses due to the conversion of forests to agricultural land, Scientific Reports, 2014, Vol. 4(1), 4062, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep04062.Weldewahid Y., Habtu S., Taye G., Teka K., Gessesse T.A., Effects of long-term irrigation practice on soil quality, organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in the drylands of Ethiopia, Journal of Arid Environments, 2023, 214, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2023.104982.Weldewahid Y., Habtu S., Taye G., Teka K., Gessesse T.A., Effects of long-term irrigation practice on soil quality, organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in the drylands of Ethiopia, Journal of Arid Environments, 2023, 214, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2023.104982.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.