К вопросу об изучении пылевидных образований в городских экосистемах

По данным Всемирной организации охраны здоровья, более 80% жителей городов подвергаются риску из-за недостаточного качества атмосферного воздуха. Загрязнение атмосферного воздуха является причиной приблизительно 4.2 миллиона смертей в год. Цель работы -дать обзор научных статей, касающихся запыленности природных средгорода. Были проанализированы статьи зарубежных и российских исследователей - дано определение городской дорожной пыли, рассмотрены главные техногенные и природные источники генерации пылевых частиц в городе, физические и химические свойства дорожной пыли, их зависимости от климата, типа дорог и архитектуры города, влияние процессов фотолиза на физико-химические показатели мелкодисперсных частиц. Особое внимание уделено негативному влиянию частиц пыли PM2.5 и PM10 на здоровье человека и окружающую среду. Рассмотрен вопрос отсутствия в российской научной практике официально признанной методологии пробоотбора осевшей пыли при обновлении нормативной документации по методике отбора мелкодисперсных частиц, взвешенных в воздухе. Дана рекомендация по созданию нормативной базы, регулирующей процедуры пробоотбора и анализа дорожной пыли, являющейся геоиндикатором состояния окружающей среды, что подтверждается многочисленными выводами как зарубежных, так и некоторых отечественных исследователей.

1. Abdel-Shafy H.I., Mansour M.S.M., A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation, Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 2016, Vol. 25, pp. 107–123.

2. Achten C., Andersson J.T., Overview of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), Polycycl. Aromat. Comp., 2015, Vol. 35, pp. 177–186.

3. Acosta J.A., Faz A., Kalbitz K. et al., Heavy metal concentrations in particle size fractions from street dust of Murcia (Spain) as the basis for risk assessment, J. Environ. Monit., 2011, Vol. 13, pp. 3087–3096.

4. Adachi K., Tainosho Y., Characterization of heavy metal particles embedded in tire dust, Environment International, 2004, Vol. 30, pp. 1009–1017.

5. Adamkiewicz G., Ebelt S., Syring M., Slater J., Speizer F.E., Schwartz J. et al., Association between air pollution exposure and exhaled nitric oxide in an elderly population, Thorax, 2004, Vol. 59, pp. 204–209.

6. Adar S.D., Adamkiewicz G., Gold D.R., Schwartz J., Coull B.A., Suh H., Ambient and microenvironmental particles and exhaled nitric oxide before and after a group bus trip, Environ Health Perspect, 2007a, Vo1. 115, No. 4, pp. 507–512, DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9386.

7. Adar S.D., Klein R., Klein B.E., Szpiro A.A., Cotch M.F., Wong T.Y. et al., Air pollution and the microvasculature: a cross-sectional assessment of in vivo retinal images in the population-based multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA), PLoS Med, 2010, 7:e1000372, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000372.

8. Adar S.D., Gold D.R., Coull B.A., Schwartz J., Stone P.H., Suh H., Focused Exposures to Airborne Traffic Particles and Heart Rate Variability in the Elderly, Epidemiology, 2007b, Vol. 18 (1), pp. 95–103, DOI: 10.1097/01.ede.0000249409.81050.46.

9. Ahmed F., Ishiga H., Trace metal concentrations in street dusts of Dhaka city, Bangladesh, Atmospheric Environment, 2006, Vol. 40, pp. 3835–3844.

10. Albinet A. et al., Simultaneous analysis of oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on standard reference material 1649a (urban dust) and on natural ambient air samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with negative ion chemical ionization, J. Chromatogr, 2006, No. 1121, pp. 106–113.

11. Albinet A. et al., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) nitrated PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in ambient air of the Marseilles area (South of France): concentrations and sources, Sci. Total Environ., 2007, Vol. 384, pp. 280–292.

12. Allen R.W., Criqui M.H., Diez Roux A.V., Allison M., Shea S., Detrano R. et al., Fine particulate matter air pollution, proximity to traffic, and aortic atherosclerosis, Epidemiology, 2009, Vol. 20, pp. 254–264.

13. Amato F., Pandolfi M., Viana M., Querol X., Alastuey A., Moreno T., Spatial and chemical patterns of PM10 in road dust deposited in urban environment, Atmospheric Environment, 2009, Vol. 43, pp. 1650–1659, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.12.009.

14. Amato F., Cassee F.R., Denier van der Gon H.A.C., Gehrig R., Gustafsson M., Hafner W. et al., Urban air quality: The challenge of traffic non-exhaust emissions, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014, Vol. 275, 31e36.

15. Amato F., Pandolfi M., Alastuey A., Lozano A., Gonzalez J.C., Querol X., Impact of traffic intensity and pavement aggregate size on road dust particles loading, Atmospheric Environment, 2013, Vol. 77, pp. 711–717, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.020.

16. Amato F., Pandolfi M., Escrig A., Querol X., Alastuey A., Pey J., Perez N., Hopke P.K., Quantifying road dust re-suspension in urban environment by multilinear engine: a comparison with PMF2, Atmospheric Environment, 2009a, Vol. 43, pp. 2770–2780.

17. Amato F., Pandolfi M., Moreno T., Furger M., Pey J., Alastuey A. et al., Sources and variability of inhalable road dust particles in three European cities, Atmospheric Environment, 2011, Vol. 45 (37), pp. 6777–6787.

18. Amato F., Pandolfi M., Viana M., Querol X., Alastuey A., Moreno T., Spatial and chemical patterns of PM10 in road dust deposited in urban environment, Atmospheric Environment, 2009b, Vol. 43, pp. 1650–1659.

19. Aparin B.F., Sukhacheva Y.Yu., Classification of urban soils in Russian soil classification system and international classification of soils, Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, 2015, No. 79, pp. 53–72, DOI: 10.19047/0136-1694-2015-79-53-72.

20. Araujo J.A., Barajas B., Kleinman M., Wang X., Bennett B.J., Gong K.W., et al., Ambient particulate pollutants in the ultrafine range promote early atherosclerosis and systemic oxidative stress, Circ. Res., 2008, Vol. 102, pp. 589–596.

21. Araujo J.A., Particulate air pollution, systemic oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis, Air Qual. Atmos. Health, 2010, Vol. 4, pp. 79–93.

22. Arfsten D.P. et al., The effects of near ultraviolet radiation on the toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in animals and plants: a review, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 1996, Vol. 33, pp. 1–24.

23. Baccarelli A., Barretta F., Dou C., Zhang X., McCracken J.P., Díaz A. et al., Effects of particulate air pollution on blood pressure in a highly exposed population in Beijing, China: a repeated-measure study, Environ Health, 2011, Vol. 10, Art. No. 108, DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-10-108.

24. Baccarelli A., Martinelli I., Zanobetti A., Grillo .P, Hou L.F., Bertazzi P.A. et al., Exposure to particulate air pollution and risk of deep vein thrombosis, Arch Intern Med, 2008, Vol. 168, pp. 920–927.

25. Baccarelli A., Zanobetti A., Martinelli I., Grillo P., Hou L., Giacomini S. et al., Effects of exposure to air pollution on blood coagulation, J. Thromb Haemost, 2007, Vol. 5, pp. 252–260.

26. Baird W.M., Hooven L.A., Mahadevan B., Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon DNA adducts and mechanism of action, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2005, Vol. 45 (23), pp. 106–114.

27. Bartoli C.R., Wellenius G.A., Diaz E.A., Lawrence J., Coull B.A., Akiyama I. et al., Mechanisms of inhaled fine particulate air pollution-induced arterial blood pressure changes, Environ Health Perspect, 2009, Vol. 117, pp. 361–366, DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11573.

28. Bauer M., Moebus S., Möhlenkamp S., Dragano N., Nonnemacher M., Fuchsluger M. et al., Urban particulate matter air pollution is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis: results from the HNR (Heinz Nixdorf Recall) study, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2010, Vol. 56, pp. 1803–1808.

29. Bell M.L., Belanger K., Ebisu K., Gent J.F., Lee H.J., Koutrakis P., Leaderer B.P., Prenatal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Birth Weight, Epidemiology, 2010, Vol. 21 (6), pp. 884–891, DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e3181f2f405.

30. Bezberdaya L.A., Vlasov D.V., Tyazhelye metally v dorozhnoj pyli goroda Alushty (Heavy metals in the road dust of the city of Alushta), In: Ekologicheskie problemy promyshlennyh gorodov: sb. nauchnyh tr. po mat-lam 8-j Mezhdunar. nauchno-prakt. Konf (Proc. 8th Intern. Sci. and Pract. Conf. Ecological problems of industrial cities), Saratov: SGTU, 2017, pp. 119–123.

31. Bhatnagar A., Environmental cardiology: studying mechanistic links between pollution and heart disease, Circ. Res., 2006, Vol. 99, pp. 692–705.

32. Bind M.A., Baccarelli A., Zanobetti A., Tarantini L., Suh H., Vokonas P. et al., Air pollution and markers of coagulation, inflammation, and endothelial function: associations and epigene-environment interactions in an elderly cohort, Epidemiology, 2012, Vol. 23, pp. 332–340.

33. Bityukova V.R., Mozgunov N.A., Spatial Features Transformation of Emission from Motor Vehicles in Moscow, Geography, aenvironment, Sustainability, 2019, Vol. 12 (4), pp. 57–73, DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2019-75.

34. Bityukova V.R., Vlasov D.V., Dorohova M.F. et al., Vostok – Zapad Moskvy: prostranstvennyj analiz social'no-jekologicheskih problem (East – West of Moscow: a spatial analysis of socio-environmental problems), Moskow: Moscow State University, 2016, 70 p.

35. Bonzini M., Tripodi A., Artoni A., Tarantini L., Marinelli B., Bertazzi P.A. et al., Effects of inhalable particulate matter on blood coagulation, J. Thromb Haemost., 2010, Vol. 8, pp. 662–668.

36. Boonyatumanond R., Wattayakorn G., Togo A., Takada H., Distribution and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in riverine, estuarine, and marine sediments in Thailand, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2006, Vol. 52 (8), pp. 942–956.

37. Boulter P.G., A review of emission factors and models forroad vehicle non-exhaust particulate matter. Wokingham, UK: TRL Limited (TRL Report PPR065), 2005, URL: http://ukair.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat15/0706061624_Report1__Review_of_Emission_Factors.PDF.

38. Brauner E.V., Forchhammer L., Moller P., Barregard L., Gunnarsen L., Afshari A. et al., Indoor particles affect vascular function in the aged: an air filtration-based intervention study, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2008, Vol. 177, pp. 419–425.

39. Brook R.D., Rajagopalan S., Pope C.A., Brook J.R., Bhatnagar A., Diez-Roux A.V., Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update to the Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 2010, Vol. 121 (21), pp. 2331–2378, DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e3181dbece1.

40. Campbell J.A., Note on the experimental production of cancer by dust obtained from tarred roads, The Lancet, 1934, Vol. 223 (5762), pp. 233–234, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)03258-5.

41. Carlsten C., Kaufman J.D., Peretz A., Trenga C.A., Sheppard L., Sullivan J.H., Coagulation markers in healthy human subjects exposed to diesel exhaust, Thromb Res., 2007. Vol. 120, pp. 849–855.

42. Charlesworth S., Everett M., McCarthy R., Ordonez A., de Miguel E.A., comparative study of heavy metal concentration and distribution in deposited street dusts in a large and a small urban area: Birmingham and Coventry, West Midlands, UK, Environment International, 2003, Vol. 29, Iss. 5, pp. 563–579.

43. Charron A., Harrison R.M., Fine (PM2.5) and Coarse (PM2.5-10) Particulate Matter on A Heavily Trafficked London Highway: Sources and Processes, Environmental Science and Technology, 2005, Vol. 39 (20), pp. 7768–7776, DOI: 10.1021/es050462i.

44. Chen J., Wang W., Liu H., Ren L., Determination of road dust loadings and chemical characteristics using resuspension, Environmental Monitoring and Assessmen, 2012, Vol. 184, pp. 1693–1709.

45. China S., James D.E., Influence of pavement macrotexture on PM10 emissions from paved roads: a controlled study, Atmospheric Environment, 2012, Vol. 63, pp. 313–326. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.09.018.

46. Chow J., Watson J., Lu Z., Descriptive analysis of PM(2.5) and PM(10) at regionally representative locations during SJVAQS/AUSPEX, Atmospheric Environment, 1996, Vol. 30, Iss. 12, pp. 2079–2112.

47. Day J.P., Hart M., Robinson M.S., Lead in urban street dust, Nature, 1975, Vol. 253 (5490), pp. 343–345, DOI: 10.1038/253343a0.

48. Denier van der Gon H.A.C., Gerlofs-Nijland M.E., Gehrig R., Gustafsson M., Janssen N., Harrison R.M. et al., The policy relevance of wear emissions from road transport, now and in the future-an international workshop report and consensus statement, Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 2013, Vol. 63, 136e149.

49. Dominici F., Peng R.D., Bell M.L., Pham L., McDermott A., Zeger S.L., Samet J.M., Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, Journal of the American Medical Association, 2006, Vol. 295 (10), pp. 1127–1134.

50. Dong T.T.T., Lee B.-K., Characteristics, toxicity, and source apportionment of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Ulsan, Korea, Chemosphere, 2009, Vol. 74, No. 9, pp. 1245–1253.

51. Driscoll K.E., TNFα and MIP-2: role in particleinduced inflammation and regulation by oxidative stress, Toxicol. Lett., 2000, Vol. 112–113, pp. 177–183.

52. Duggan M.J., Williams S., Lead-in-dust in city streets, Science of The Total Environment, 1977, Vol. 7 (1), pp. 91–97, DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(77)90019-5.

53. DUST 2014: Book of abstracts, International conference on atmospheric dust, Catellaneta-Marina, 2014.

54. Dye J.A., Lehmann J.R., McGee J.K., Winsett D.W., Ledbetter A.D., Everitt J.I. et al., Acute pulmonary toxicity of particulate matter filter extracts in rats: coherence with epidemiologic studies in Utah Valley residents, 2001.

55. EPA. AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Appendix C.1: procedures for sampling surace/bulk dust loading. U.S., Environmental Protection Agency, 1993a.

56. EPA. AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Appendix C.2: procedures for laboratory analysis of surface/bulk dust loading samples. U.S., Environmental Protection Agency, 1993b.

57. EPA. AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 13.2.1: paved roads. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011.

58. Etyemezian V., Nikolich G., Ahonen S., Pitchford M., Sweeney M., Purcell R. et al., The Portable In Situ Wind Erosion Laboratory (PI-SWERL): a new method to measure PM10 potential for windblown dust properties and emissions, Atmospheric Environment, 2007, Vol. 41 (18), pp. 3789–3796, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.018.

59. Fedotov P.S., Ermolin M.S., Karandashev V.K., Ladonin D.V., Characterization of size, morphology and elemental composition of nano-, submicron and micron particles of street dust separated using field-flow fractionation in a rotating coiled column, Talanta, 2014, Vol. 130, pp. 1–7.

60. Fergusson J., Ryan D., The elemental composition of street dust from large and small urban areas related to city type, source and particle size, Science of The Total Environment, 1984, Vol. 34 (1–2), pp. 101–116, DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(84)90044-5.

61. Fu P.P. et al., Phototoxicity and environmental transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-light-induced reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage, J. Environ. Sci. Health C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev., 2012, Vol. 30, pp. 1–41.

62. Gan S. et al., Remediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), J. Hazard Mater, 2009, Vol. 172, pp. 532–549.

63. Gbeddy G. et al., Transformation and degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban road surfaces: influential factors, implications and recommendations, Environ. Pollut., 2019, Vol. 257, 113510, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113510.

64. Gent J.F., Koutrakis P., Belanger K., Triche E., Holford T.R., Bracken M.B., Leaderer B.P., Symptoms and Medication Use in Children with Asthma and Traffic-Related Sources of Fine Particle Pollution, Environmental Health Perspectives, 2009, Vol. 117 (7), pp. 1168–1174, DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800335.

65. Gietl J.K., Lawrence R., Thorpe A.J., Harrison R.M., Identification of break wear particles and derivation of a quantitative tracer for brake dust at a major road, Atmospheric Environment, 2010, Vol. 44, pp. 141–146.

66. Gilmour P.S., Morrison E.R., Vickers M.A., Ford I., Ludlam C.A., Greaves M. et al., The procoagulant potential of environmental particles (PM10), Occup Environ Med, 2005, Vol. 62, pp. 164–171.

67. Grafkina M.V., Azarov A.V., Dobrinskij D.R., Tihonova M.M., Analiz negativnogo vozdejstvija na jelementy jekosistemy v processe pylevydelenija ot proezda avtomobil'nogo transporta po dorozhnym pokrytijam razlichnyh tipov (Negative impact analysis on the ecosystem’ elements of the process of dust emission from the passage of automobile transport on various types of road surfaces), Uspekhi sovremennoy nauki, 2016, Vol. 8, No. 12, pp. 142–147.

68. Grantz D.A., Garner J.H.B., Johnson D.W., Ecological effects of particulate matter, Environment International, 2003, Vol. 29 (2–3), pp. 213–239, DOI: 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00181-2.

69. Gupta H., Gupta B., Photocatalytic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene by iron oxides and identification of degradation products, Chemosphere, 2015, Vol. 138, pp. 924–931.

70. Hassanien M.A., Abdel-Latif N.M., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dust over greater, Cairo, Egypt., J. Hazard. Mater., 2008, Vol. 151 (1), pp. 247–254.

71. He K., Yang F., Ma Y., Chan T., Mulawa P., The characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing, China, Atmospheric Environment, 2001, Vol. 35 (29), pp. 4959–4970.

72. Hoffmann B., Luttmann-Gibson H., Cohen A., Zanobetti A., de Souza C., Foley C. et al., Opposing effects of particle pollution, ozone, and ambient temperature on arterial blood pressure, Environ Health Perspect., 2012, Vol. 120, pp. 241–246, DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1103647.

73. Hu X., Zhang Y., Luo J., Wang T., Lian H., Ding Z., Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic, mercury and other metals in urban street dusts from a mega-city, Nanjing, China, Environmental Pollution, 2011, Vol. 159, pp. 1215–1221, DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.037.

74. Iarc W.S., Monograph on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicalss to Humans Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds, Part I: Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data, Vol. 32, Lyon, 1983.

75. Iijima A., Sato K., Yano K., Tago H., Kato M., Kimura H., Furuta N., Particle size and composition distribution analysis of automotive brake abrasion dusts for the evaluation of antimony sources of airborne particulate matter, Atmospheric Environment, 2007, Vol. 41, pp. 4908–4919.

76. Irvine K.N., Perrelli M.F., Ngoen-klan R., Droppo I.G., Metal levels in street sediment from an industrial city: spatial trends, chemical fractionation, and management implications, Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2009, Vol. 9, pp. 328–341.

77. Jia H. et al., Transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on Fe (III)-modified clay minerals: role of molecular chemistry and clay surface properties, Appl. Catal. B. Environ., 2014, Vol. 154–155, pp. 238–245.

78. Jia H. et al., Exchangeable cations-mediated photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on smectite surface under visible light, J. Hazard Mater., 2015, Vol. 287, pp. 16–23.

79. Kaigorodov R.V., Tiunova M.I., Druzhinina A.V., Zagryaznyayushhie veshhestva v pyli proezzhih chastei dorog i v drevesnoi rastitel'nosti pridorozhnyh polos gorodskoi zony (Pollutants in the dust of roadways and the woody vegetation of roadside lanes in the urban area), Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Ser. Biologija, 2009, Vol. 10 (36), pp. 141–146.

80. Kasimov N.S., Bezberdaya L.A., Vlasov D.V., Lychagin M.Yu., Metally, metalloidy i benz[a]piren v mikrochastitsah pochv i dorozhnoi pyli Alushty (Metals, metalloids and benz[a]pyrene in microparticles of soils and road dust Alushta), Pochvovedenie, 2019, No. 12, pp. 1524–1538.

81. Kasimov N.S., Vlasov D.V., Kosheleva N.E., Ryzhov A.V., Nabelkina K.S., Bezberdaja L.A., Opyt provedeniya i informativnost' ekologo-geohimicheskogo monitoringa dorozhnoj pyli v gorodah (Experience in conducting and informative content of environmental and geochemical monitoring of road dust in cities), Inzhenerno-jekologicheskie izyskanija – normativno-pravovaja baza, sovremennye metody i oborudovanie Materialy dokladov Obshherossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii (Proc. the All-Russian Sci. Prac. Conf.: Environmental engineering surveys – regulatory framework, modern methods and equipment), 2018, pp. 117–122.

82. Kasimov N.S., Kosheleva N.E., Nikiforova E.M., Vlasov D.V., Benzo[a]pyrene in urban environments of eastern Moscow: pollution levels and critical loads, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2017, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 2217–2227.

83. Kasimov N.S., Kosheleva N.E., Lychagin M.Yu. et al., Environmental Atlas – monograph “Selenga-Baikal”, Moscow: Lomonosov Moscow State University, 2019b.

84. Kasimov N.S., Kosheleva N.E., Vlasov D.V., Nabelkina K.S., Ryzhov A.V., Physicochemical properties of road dust in Moscow, Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 2019, Vol. 12, No. 4, DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2019-55.

85. Kennaway E., Kennaway N., A Further Study of the Incidence of Cancer of the Lung and Larynx, Br J Cancer, 1947, Vol. 1, pp. 260–298, DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1947.24.

86. Klepikova E.A., Vlijanie dorozhnoj pyli na fizicheskie svojstva pochv na primere goroda Moskvy (The influence of road dust on the physical properties of soils by the example of the city of Moscow), Pochvovedenie – prodovol'stvennoj i jekologicheskoj bezopasnosti strany tezisy dokladov VII s’ezda Obschestva pochvovedov im. V.V. Dokuchaeva i Vserossijskoj s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem nauchnoj konferencii (Abstracts of the VII Congress of the Society of Soil Scientists named after V.V. Dokuchaev and the All-Russian Conference: Soil Science – Food and Environmental Security of the Country), 2016, pp. 352–353.

87. Kloog I., Melly S.J., Ridgway W.L., Coull, B.A., Schwartz J., Using new satellite based exposure methods to study the association between pregnancy pm2.5 exposure, premature birth and birth weight in Massachusetts, Environmental Health, 2012, Vol. 11, Art. No. 40, DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-11-40.

88. Kosheleva N.E., Nabelkina K.S., Ryzhov A.V., Vlasov D.V., Kasimov N.S., Fiziko-chimicheskie svoistva dorozhnoi pyli Moskvy (Physico-chemical properties of road dust in Moscow), “Snezhnyj pokrov, atmosfernye osadki, ajerozoli: tehnologija, klimat i jekologija”, Materialy II-oj Bajkal'skoj mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii (Proc. II Baikal Intern. Sci. and Pract. Conf. “Snow cover, precipitation, aerosols: technology, climate and ecology”), 2018, pp. 86–91.

89. Kupiainen K., Road dust from pavement wear and traction sanding, Monograph of Boreal Environment Research 26, Helsinki: Finnish Environment Institute, 2007, URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10138/39334.

90. Kwasowski W., Soils of traffic areas in Warsaw, In: Technogenic soils of Poland, Toruń: Polish Society of Soil Science, 2013, pp. 207–229.

91. Ladonin D.V., Elementy platinovoi gruppy v pochvakh i ulichnoi pyli yugo-vostochnogo administrativnogo okruga g. Moskvy (Elements of the platinum group in soils and street dust of the southeastern administrative district of Moscow), Pochvovedenie, 2018, No. 3, pp. 274–283.

92. Ladonin D.V., Plyaskina O.V., Izotopnyi sostav svintsa v pochvah i ulichnoi pyli Yugo-Vostochnogo administrativnogo okruga g. Moskvy (Isotopic composition of lead in soils and street dust of the Southeastern administrative district of Moscow), Pochvovedenie, 2009, No. 1, pp. 106–118.

93. Leonard R.J., McArthur C., Hochuli D.F., Particulate matter deposition on roadside plants and the importance of leaf trait combinations, Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 2016, Vol. 20, pp. 249–253, DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2016.09.008.

94. Limbeck A., Puls C., Particulate emissions from on-road vehicles, In: Urban airborne particulate matter: origin, chemistry, fate and health impacts, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin, 2011, pp. 63–79.

95. Long X., Liac N., Tiead X., Cao J. et al., Urban dust in the Guanzhong Basin of China, part I: A regional distribution of dust sources retrieved using satellite data, Science of The Total Environment, 2016, Vol. 541, pp. 1603–1613.

96. Lu X., Wang L., Li L., Li L.Y., Lei K., Huang L., Dan K., Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals in street dust of Baoji, NW China, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, Vol. 173, Iss. 1–3, pp. 744–749.

97. Lundberg J., Blomqvist G., Gustafsson M. et al., Wet Dust Sampler – a Sampling Method for Road Dust Quantification and Analyses, Water Air Soil Pollut., Vol. 230, Art. No. 180, DOI: 10.1007/s11270-019-4226-6.

98. Mallakin A. et al., Pathway of anthracene modification under simulated solar radiation, Chemosphere, 2000, Vol. 40, pp. 1435–1441.

99. Matisakov A.Zh., Duishenaliev E.U., Onolbekov A.M., Vliyanie rezhimov i intensivnosti dvizheniya avtotransporta na zagryaznennost' dorozhnoi pyli (The influence of modes and intensity of traffic on the pollution of road dust), Nauka i obrazovanie: Sohranjaja proshloe, sozdajom budushhee sbornik statej III Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii (Proc. III Intern. Sci. and Pract. Conf.: “Science and Education: Saving the past, creating the future”), 2016, pp. 14–17.

100. Mazzei F., D’Alessandro A., Lucarelli F., Nava S., Prati P., Valli G. et al., Characterization of particulate matter sources in an urban environment, Science of the Total Environment, 2008, Vol. 401, pp. 81–89.

101. Murakami M., Nakajima F., Furumai H., Size- and density-distributions and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road dust, Chemosphere, 2005, Vol. 61, pp. 783–791.

102. Murakami M., Nakajima F., Furumai H., Tomiyasu B., Owari M., Identification of particles containing chromium and lead in road dust and soakaway sediment by electron probe microanalyser, Chemosphere, 2007, Vol. 67, Iss. 10, pp. 2000–2010.

103. Nafstad P., Lung cancer and air pollution: a 27 year follow up of 16 209 Norwegian men, Thorax, 2003, Vol. 58 (12), pp. 1071–1076, DOI: 10.1136/thorax.58.12.1071.

104. Nazzal Y., Rosen M.A., Al-Rawabden A.M., Assessment of metal pollution in urban road dusts from selected highways of the Greater Toronto Area in Canada, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2013, Vol. 185, pp. 1847–1858.

105. Nemmar A., Hoylaerts M.F., Hoet P.H., Dinsdale D., Smith T., Xu H. et al., Ultrafine particles affect experimental thrombosis in an in vivo hamster model, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2002, Vol. 166, pp. 998–1004.

106. Nguyen T.C., Loganathan P., Nguyen T.V., Vigneswaran S., Kandasamy J., Slee D., Stevenson G., Naidu R., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road-deposited sediments, water sediments, and soils in Sydney, Australia: comparisons of concentration distribution, sources and potential toxicity, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 2014, Vol. 104, pp. 339–348.

107. Nicolai T., Carr D., Weiland S.K., Duhme H., von Ehrenstein O., Wagner C., von Mutius E., Urban traffic and pollutant exposure related to respiratory outcomes and atopy in a large sample of children, European Respiratory Journal, 2003, Vol. 21 (6), pp. 956–963, DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00041103a.

108. Nisbet C., LaGoy P., Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 1992, Vol. 16, pp. 290–300.

109. Pagano P., De Zaiacomo T., Scarcella E., Bruni S., Calamosca M., Mutagenic activity of total and particle-sized fractions of urban particulate matter, Environmental Science & Technology, 1996, Vol. 30, pp. 3512–3516.

110. Pope III C.A., Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution, JAMA, 2002, Vol. 287 (9), 1132, DOI: 10.1001/jama.287.9.1132.

111. Prokof’eva T.V., Kiryushin A.V., Ivannikov F.A., Shishkov V.A., The importance of dust material in urban soil formation: the experience on study of two young technosols on dust depositions, Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2017, Vol. 2, pp. 515–524, DOI: 10.1007/s11368-016-1546-7.

112. Putaud J.-P., Raes F., Van Dingenen R., Tørseth K., Wiedensohler A.A., European aerosol phenomenology – 2: Chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, Atmospheric Environment, 2004, Vol. 38 (16), pp. 2579–2595.

113. Querol X., Alastuey A., Ruiz C.R., Artinano B., Hansson H.C., Harrison R.M. et al., Speciation and origin of PM10 and PM2.5 in selected European cities, Atmospheric Environment, 2004, Vol. 38, pp. 6547–6555.

114. Quiroz W., Cortes M., Astudillo F., Bravo M., Cereceda F., Vidal V., Lobos M.G., Antimony speciation in road dust and urban particulate matter in Valparaiso, Chile: analytical and environmental considerations, Microchemical Journal, 2013, Vol. 110, pp. 266–272.

115. Rogge W.F., Hildemann L.M., Mazurek M.A., Cass G.R., Simoneit B.R.T., Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol. 3. Road Dust, Tire Debris, and Organometallic Brake Lining Dust: Roads as Sources and Sinks, Environmental Science and Technology, 1993, Vol. 27 (9), pp. 1892–1904.

116. Schwartz J., Alexeeff S.E., Mordukhovich I., Gryparis A., Vokonas P., Suh H. et al., Association between long-term exposure to traffic particles and blood pressure in the Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study, Occup. Environ. Med., 2012, Vol. 69, pp. 422–427.

117. Seleznev A.A., Heavy metals in the surface dust sediment of Yekaterinburg, Izvest.Ural’sk. Gos. Gorn. Univ., 2018, Vol. 49 (1), pp. 46–54, DOI: 10.21440/23072091-2018-1-46-54.

118. Sereda L.O., Ocenka ekologo-geohimicheskogo sostoyaniya pochvennogo pokrova gorodskogo okruga goroda Voronezh (Assessment of the ecological and geochemical condition of the soil cover of the urban district of the city of Voronezh), Vestnik VGU. Seriya: Geografiya. Geoekologiya, 2015, No. 4, pp. 59–65.

119. Soltani N., Keshavarzi B., Moore F., Tavakol T., Lahijanzadeh A.R., Jaafarzadeh N., Kermani M., Ecological and human health hazards of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Isfahan metropolis, Iran. Sci. Total Environ., 2015, Vol. 505, pp. 712–723.

120. Sun Q., Wang A., Jin X., Natanzon A., Duquaine D., Brook R.D. et al., Long-term air pollution exposure and acceleration of atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation in an animal model, JAMA, 2005, Vol. 294, pp. 3003–3010.

121. Sun Q., Yue P., Kirk R.I., Wang A., Moatti D., Jin X. et al., Ambient air particulate matter exposure and tissue factor expression in atherosclerosis, Inhal. Toxicol., 2008, Vol. 20, pp. 127–137.

122. Suwa T., Hogg J.C., Quinlan K.B., Ohgami A., Vincent R., van Eeden S.F., Particulate air pollution induces progression of atherosclerosis, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2002, Vol. 39, pp. 935–942.

123. Tager I.B., Health effects of aerosols: Mechanisms and epidemiology, In: Aerosols Handbook: Measurement, dosimetry, and health effects, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2005. pp. 619–696.

124. Tango T., Effect of air pollution on lung cancer: a Poisson regression model based on vital statistics, Environ. Health Perspect., 1994, Vol. 102, pp. 41–45.

125. Thorpe A., Harrison R.M., Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: A review, Science of the Total Environment, 2008, Vol. 400, Iss. 1–3, pp. 270–282.

126. Tzeng H.P., Yang R.S., Ueng T.H., Liu S.H., Upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by motorcycle exhaust particulate-induced reactive oxygen species enhances rat vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2007, Vol. 20, pp. 1170–1176.

127. USEPA. AP 42, In: Chapter 13: Miscellaneous sources (5th ed., Vol. I), 2006, URL: https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/%20ch13/.

128. USEPA, Provisional Guidance for Quantitative Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 1993.

129. Varrica D., Dongarra G., Sabatino G., Monna F., Inorganic geochemistry of roadway dust from the metropolitan area of Palermo, Italy, Environmental Geology, 2003, Vol. 44, pp. 222–230.

130. Vermette S.J., Irvine K.N., Drake J.J., Temporal variability of the elemental composition in urban street dust, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 1991, Vol. 18, pp. 69–77.

131. Viana M., Querol X., Alastuey A., Gil J.I., Mene´ndez M., Identification of PM sources by principal component analysis (PCA) coupled with wind direction data, Chemosphere, 2006, Vol. 65, pp. 2411–2418.

132. Vione D. et al., Photochemical reactions in the tropospheric aqueous phase and on particulate matter, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2006, Vol. 35, pp. 441–453.

133. Vlasov D.V., Metally i metalloidy v chasticah PM10 dorozhnoj pyli Vostochnoj Moskvy (Metals and metalloids in PM10 Particles in east Moscow road dust), Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Serija: Jekologija i bezopasnost' zhiznedejatel'nosti, 2017, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 529–539.

134. Vlasov D.V., Bezberdaya L.A., Kasimov N.S., Tehnogennaya transformaciya svoistv pochv i dorozhnoi pyli Sevastopolya (Technogenic transformation of the properties of soils and road dust in Sevastopol), Problemy antropogennoj transformacija prirodnoj sredy Materialy mezhdunarodnoj konferencii pamjati N.F. Rejmersa i F.R. Shtil'marka (Proc. Intern. Conf. Devoted to the Memory for N.F. Reimers and F.R. Shtilmarka: “Problems of anthropogenic transformation of the environment”), 2019, pp. 136–139.

135. Vlasov D.V., Kasimov N.S., Kosheleva N.E., Geohimiya dorozhnoy pyli (Vostochnyi okrug Moskvy) (Geochemistry of road dust (Eastern District of Moscow)), Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Serija 5: Geografija, 2015, No. 1, pp. 23–33.

136. Vlasov D.V., Kosheleva N.E., Kasimov N.S., Prostranstvennaya differenciaciya benz[a]pirena v dorozhnoy pyli Moskvy (Spatial differentiation of benz[a]pyrene in Moscow road dust), Kompleksnye problemy tehnosfernoj bezopasnosti. Aktual'nye voprosy bezopasnosti pri formirovanii kul'tury bezopasnoj zhizni Materialy XIV Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, posvjashhennoj Godu kul'tury bezopasnosti. V 3-h chastjah (Proc. XIV. Intern. Sci. Prac. Conf. dedicated to the Year of safety culture: Complex problems of technosphere security. Actual safety issues in the formation of a safe life culture), 2018, pp. 67–71.

137. Wang D.-G., Yang M., Jia H.-L., Zhou L., Li Y.-F., Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Street Dust and Surface Soil: Comparisons of Concentration, Profile, and Source, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2008, Vol. 56 (2), pp. 173–180, DOI: 10.1007/s00244-008-9182-x.

138. Wang S.X., Zhao Y., Chen G.C., Wang F., Aunan K., Hao J.M., Assessment of population exposure to particulate matter pollution in Chongqing, China, Environmental Pollution, 2008, Vol. 153, 247–256.

139. Wang W., Huang M.J., Kang Y., Wang H.S., Leung A.O., Cheung K.C., Wong M.H., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban surface dust of Guangzhou, China: status, sources and human health risk assessment, Sci. Total Environ., 2011, Vol. 409 (21), pp. 4519–4527, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.030.

140. Wei B., Jiang F., Li X., Mu S., Contamination level assessment of potential toxic metals in road dust deposited in different types of urban environment, Environmental Earth Sciences, 2010, Vol. 61, pp. 1187–1196.

141. Wei B., Yang L., A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China, Microchemical Journal, 2010, Vol. 94 (2), pp. 99–107.

142. Yu H. et al., Photoirradiation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with UVA light – a pathway leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage, Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health, Vol. 3, pp. 348–354.

143. Zanobetti A., Luttmann-Gibson H., Horton E.S., Cohen A., Coull B.A., Hoffmann B. et al., Brachial artery responses to ambient pollution, temperature, and humidity in people with type 2 diabetes: a repeated-measures study, Environ Health Perspect, 2014, Vol. 122, pp. 242–248, DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206136.

144. Zhang L. et al., Photodegradation of pyrene on soil surfaces under UV light irradiation, J. Hazard Mater, 2010, Vol. 173, pp. 168–172.

145. Zhang R., Jing J., Tao J., Zhao Y., Shen Z., Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing: Seasonal perspective, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, Vol. 13 (14), pp. 7053–707.

146. Zheng N., Liu J., Wang Q., Liang Z., Health risk assessment of heavy metal exposure to street dust in the zinc smelting district, Northeast of China, Science of the Total Environment, 2010, Vol. 408 (4), pp. 726–733.