Определение давления тракторов на почву и картографирование ее уплотнения

Производители сельскохозяйственной техники при проектировании уделяют мало внимания ее воздействию на почву, поэтому выпускают модели с высокой компрессионной нагрузкой на почву или с малой площадью контакта шин/гусениц с поверхностью почвы. Поэтому целью данного исследования является оценка негативного воздействия колесных и гусеничных тракторов на почву с точки зрения ее переуплотнения и его причин (т. е. конструктивных особенностей тракторных шин/гусениц) за последние 60 лет (с 1961 по 2021 гг.). Уплотнение почвы происходит из-за давления, оказываемого сельскохозяйственными машинами на почву через пятно контакта шин/гусениц с поверхностью почвы. Для этого был проанализирован основной показатель негативного воздействия на почву тракторов, произведенных за последние 60 лет, а именно – среднее давление, оказываемое на почву шинами или гусеницами тракторов, произведенных в странах ЕС и на постсоветском пространстве с 1961 по 2021 гг. Общее снижение среднего давления шин/гусениц на почву наблюдается в 1980-х и 1990-х годах, а с 2000 г. отмечается его общее увеличение, прежде всего для тракторов мощностью более 140 кВт. Таким образом, существует острая необходимость в оценке пространственно-временных изменений уязвимости почвы к переуплотнению, которая зависит от погодных условий и свойств почвы, а также от агротехнических приемов, и может быть в полной мере оценена только с помощью комбинации традиционных методов (т. е. использования конусного пенетрометра с последующим 2D-картографированием в ГИС или 3D-картографированием с помощью геостатистики) и механических подходов (т. е. расчета параметров сельскохозяйственных машин – площади контакта с почвой). Результаты показывают, что производители тракторов не позаботились о снижении уплотнения почвы в рассматриваемый период.

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